The valve shown in Fig. 79 is known as a _gate-valve_. The upper part, including the screw and stem, is the same as the globe style but the valve proper is made in the form of two flat gates _A-A_. When the valve is closed, as it appears in the drawing, the gates are forced against the seats by the cone-shaped piece _B_, which acts as a wedge, to tightly close the opening. When the hand-wheel is turned to open the valve, the gates are raised and are taken entirely out of the path of the flowing liquid. Gate-valves are used in places where it is desired to obstruct the flow as little as possible. They are somewhat more expensive than globe-valves but are considered worth the extra expense in service. =Kitchen and Laundry Fixtures.=--The development in modern plumbing has wrought many changes in the styles of household fixtures but none has been so great as that in the kitchen sink. The old style, insanitary, wooden sink has been almost entirely replaced by those made of pressed steel or enameled iron. They are made in every desired size and to suit all purposes. They may be plain or galvanized as occasion may require, or the enameled sink is obtainable at a very slight addition in price. The enameled sink has reached a degree of perfection where its durability is unquestioned, and as a consequence kitchen furniture is vastly improved at but little advance in cost. [Illustration: FIG. 80.--Model kitchen.] [Illustration: FIG. 81.--White enamel kitchen sink.] A modern kitchen in which gas is used as fuel is shown in Fig. 80. Simplicity and neatness of arrangement are the noticeable features. This kitchen is intended to suit the average-sized dwelling and contains all necessary plumbing, cooking and heating apparatus. The hot-water boiler is here shown attached to an instantaneous heater. The common kitchen sink is supplemented with a slop sink and covered with a drain board. This simple kitchen may be elaborated to any extent. Fig. 81 shows a kitchen sink of white enamel with two enameled drain boards. The drain boards are sometimes covered with perforated rubber mats. [Illustration: FIG. 82.--Model laundry.] [Illustration: FIG. 83.--Enamel wash trays in a basement laundry.] In Fig. 82 is shown an example of the modern basement laundry. The wash-boiler heater is shown on the left. An automatic instantaneous water heater is on the right. The stationary tubs or wash trays occupy the center of the picture. In detail these wash trays appear in Fig. 83. These are enamel-covered ware and are provided with the wash-tray bibb-cocks described above. This type of plumbing represents the most modern of sanitary arrangements. THE BATHROOM With the present-day improvements in plumbing, and the perfection in the manufacture of porcelain and enameled iron, the bathrooms of houses of moderate cost have become places of cleanliness, attractive, relatively free from offending odors and supplied with all necessary sanitary fixtures.