[489] Pollock, _Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics_ (1882), on _The Theory of Persecution_, pp. 144-5. ‘However eager the clergy might be to stimulate and direct the anger of the faithful against heretics, their efforts would have been in vain if the bulk of the laity had not been predisposed to persecute heretics when duly pointed out. So far from persecution being merely the creature of priestcraft, it would be as near the truth to say that priestcraft was invented in order to organize persecution.’ [490] Haynes, _op. cit._, pp. 52-9. [491] _Ibid._, p. 3. ‘And the heretic—often lacking in tact and a sense of proportion—is as offensive to the believer as one who should rudely tell him that his doctor was a quack and his solicitor a swindler.’ _Cf._ p. 55. [492] Mill, _On Liberty_; Lecky’s _Rationalism_, esp., chs. iv and v. [493] _Op. cit._, pp. 5, 113-15. [494] Pollock, _op. cit._, p. 175. [495] J. B. Bury, _A History of Freedom of Thought_ (Home Univ. Lib.), p. 14. ‘A long time was needed to arrive at the conclusion that coercion of opinion is a mistake, and only a part of the world is yet convinced. That conclusion, so far as I can judge, is the most important ever reached by man. It was the issue of a continuous struggle between reason and authority....’ [496] _Cf._ Langlois, _op. cit._, pp. 21-47. [497] For the trial of the Templars, see H. Finke, _Papstum und Untergang des Templerordens_ (Münster, 1907); M. Lavocat, _Procès des Frères et de l’ordre du Temple_ (Paris, 1888); _Collection de Documents inédits sur l’histoire de France—Procès des Templiers_, J. Michelet (Paris, 1841); Lea, vol. iii, pp. 238-334. Lea’s treatment of this complicated subject is masterly, and is conclusive against Philip IV and Clement V. For the trial of Jeanne d’Arc, see J. Quicherat, _Procès de Condamnation et de Réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc_ (Paris, 1841-9); H. S. Denifle and E. Chatelain, _Le procès de J. d’Arc et l’Université de Paris_ (Paris, 1897); A. France, _Vie de Jeanne d’Arc_ (Paris, 1908); A. Lang, _The Maid of France_ (1908); Lea, vol. iii, pp. 338-78, etc. For trial of Savonarola, see P. Villart, _Life and Times of Savonarola_ (Eng. trans.), 1899; Lea, vol. iii, pp. 209-37. For papal use of the Inquisition for political purposes, see Lea, vol. iii, ch. iv, generally. INDEX Abano, Peter of, as Averrhoïst, 69 as sorcerer, 109 Abelard, Peter, as rationalist, 7-8, 15, 57-8, 91, 233 Abubacer, Arabian philosopher, 60 _Accusatio_, system of, 141, 143-4 Achellini, Paduan Averrhoïst, 70 Advocates, use of, in Inquisition, 198-9, 240 Aegidius Romanus, vindicates Aristotle against Averrhoïsts, 67 _Affirmative_ heretics, 185 Albertus Magnus of Cologne, 39, 64-7, 75 Albi, Catharan stronghold, 136 Albigensian Crusade, 5, 77, 137-8, 159, 162, 231 Alexander III, Pope, 18, 132, 141, 211 Alexander IV, Pope, 41, 42, 64, 107, 109, 156, 167, 202, 218 Alexander VI, Pope, and witchcraft, 118 _n._