Medical Inquiries and Observations, Vol. 4: The Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by the AuthorRush, Benjamin
History
Medical Inquiries and Observations, Vol. 4: The Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by the Author
Rush, Benjamin
Medicine; Yellow fever -- Pennsylvania -- Philadelphia
After what has been said, in the history of the Climate of Pennsylvania,
in the first volume of these Inquiries, it will only be necessary in this
place briefly to mention, that the winters in Philadelphia, between the
years 1760 and 1766, were almost uniformly cold. The ground was generally
covered with snow, and the Delaware frozen, from the first or second week
in December, to the last week in February, or the first week in March.
Thaws were rare during the winter months, and seldom of longer duration
than three or four days. The springs began in May. The summers were
generally warm, and the air seldom refreshed by cool north-west winds.
Rains were frequent and heavy, and for the most part accompanied with
thunder and lightning. The autumns began in October, and were gradually
succeeded by cool and cold weather.
The diet of the inhabitants of Philadelphia, during those years,
consisted chiefly of animal food. It was eaten, in some families, three
times, and in all, twice a day. A hot supper was a general meal. To two
and three meals of animal food in a day, many persons added what was then
called "a relish," about an hour before dinner. It consisted of a slice
of ham, a piece of salted fish, and now and then a beef-steak,
accompanied with large draughts of punch or toddy. Tea was taken in the
interval between dinner and supper.
In many companies, a glass of wine and bitters was taken a few minutes
before dinner, in order to increase the appetite.
The drinks, with dinner and supper, were punch and table beer.
Besides feeding thus plentifully in their families, many of the most
respectable citizens belonged to clubs, which met in the city in winter,
and in its vicinity, under sheds, or the shade of trees, in summer, once
and twice a week, and, in one instance, every night. They were drawn
together by suppers in winter, and dinners in summer. Their food was
simple, and taken chiefly in a solid form. The liquors used with it were
punch, London porter, and sound old Madeira wine.
Independently of these clubs, there were occasional meetings of citizens,
particularly of young men, at taverns, for convivial purposes. A house in
Water-street, known by the name of the Tun tavern, was devoted chiefly to
this kind of accidental meetings. They were often followed by midnight
sallies into the streets, and such acts of violence and indecency, as
frequently consigned the perpetrators of them afterwards into the hands
of the civil officers and physicians of the city.
Many citizens, particularly tradesmen, met every evening for the purpose
of drinking beer, at houses kept for that purpose. Instances of
drunkenness were rare at such places. The company generally parted at ten
o'clock, and retired in an orderly manner to their habitations. Morning
drams, consisting of cordials of different kinds, were common, both in
taverns and private houses, but they were confined chiefly to the lower
class of people.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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