In Arkansas and Indian Territory the privilege is secured to a person _authorized to practise_ physic or surgery; in California, Montana, and Nevada, to a _licensed_ physician or surgeon; in Colorado, to a physician or surgeon _duly authorized_ to practise his profession _under the laws of the State_; in Michigan, New York, North Carolina, and Wisconsin, to a person _duly authorized_ to practise physic or surgery; in Minnesota, Oregon, and Washington, to a _regular_ physician or surgeon; in Iowa and Nebraska, to a _practising_ physician or surgeon; in the remaining States and Territories, these statutes do not in terms distinguish between licensed and unlicensed practitioners.[225] In New York, by the amendment of 1893 to Sec. 836 of the Code of Civil Procedure it is provided that in an action for the recovery of damages for a personal injury the testimony of a physician or surgeon attached to any hospital, dispensary, or other charitable institution, as to information which he acquired in attending a patient in a professional capacity in such institution, shall be taken before a referee. It does not appear whether this amendment is intended to take away the privilege, or merely to regulate the manner of taking such testimony when it is otherwise admissible.[226] _III. The Evidence._—The character of the communications which are privileged differs under the several statutes. In Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Indian Territory, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin, they are characterized as _information_; in Indiana, as _matter committed_; in Iowa and Nebraska, as _confidential communications_; in Kansas, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Wyoming, as _communications_; in Iowa and Nebraska, it is further provided that they be _properly intrusted_; and in Kansas and Oklahoma, that they be with reference to a _physical_ or _supposed physical disease_. In Kansas and Oklahoma, any knowledge obtained by a _personal examination_ of a patient is also expressly privileged. In Indiana, Ohio, and Wyoming, _advice_ given by the physician is covered by the protection. In Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Missouri, the privilege is limited to information acquired _from the patient_; and in Kansas and Oklahoma, to communications made _by the patient_. The statutes of Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Indian Territory, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin expressly limit the protection to matter acquired while attending in a professional capacity; and all of these, save Indiana, as well as Iowa and Nebraska, confine the privilege to information necessary to enable the witness to prescribe or act for the patient.