The generally typical epic traits are suggestively presented by W. P. Ker, _Epic and Romance_, London, 1897; the specifically Anglo-Saxon ones, by R. W. Chambers, _Beowulf_, Cambridge, 1921. Both give extracts and references. [43] Chambers, reviewing the parallels with classical epic explored by Klaeber, finds “no tangible or conclusive proof of borrowing. But the influence may have been none the less effective for being indirect” (330). [44] Ekkehard I of St. Gall, _Waltharius_, MGH, _Script._ II. 117. For other editions, translations, and studies see Ermini, who reprints considerable selections. [45] “For purposes of poetry there was only one nation—the Germanic—split into many dialects and groups, but possessed of a common metre, a common style, a common standard of heroic feeling.” Chambers, 99. [46] For the tragic tendency see Ker, 86. [47] See above, page 140. [48] The beginning of the passage is quoted above in the original. The object of this rendering is to follow exactly, verse by verse, the original rhythm. Though such imitation must sooner or later break down, for short stretches it indicates specifically the salient verse habits. CHAPTER VI RHETORIC AND LOGIC IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS ARP Baldwin (C. S.), _Ancient rhetoric and poetic_, New York, 1924. Clerval Clerval (l’Abbé A.), _Les écoles de Chartres au moyen âge, du Ve au XVIe siècle_, Chartres, 1895 (Mémoires de la Société Archéologique d’Eure-et-Loir, XI). Haskins Haskins (C. H.), _The renaissance of the twelfth century_, Harvard University Press, 1927. Manacorda Manacorda (G.), _Storia della scuola in Italia_, vol. I, _Il medio evo_, Milan, 1913 (2 parts in separate volumes). Mignon Mignon (l’Abbé A.), _Les origines de la scolastique et Hugues de Saint-Victor_, Paris, 1895, 2 vols. PL _Patrologia latina_, Migne (cited by volume and column). Poole Poole (Reginald Lane), _Illustrations of the history of medieval thought_, London, 2d ed., 1920. See also his important biography of John of Salisbury in Dict. Nat. Biog., his article in Eng. Histor. Rev., July, 1923, and his communication, March 27, 1924, to the British Academy (Proceedings, xl) on the early correspondence. A. THE TRIVIUM AT CHARTRES, ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH CENTURIES