[Footnote *230: An interesting book has been announced on the medical practice of that day: TARULLI, _I medici ed i primordi della scuola medica Perugina._ Meanwhile cf. TARULLI, _Appunti Storici_, in _Boll. per l'Umbria_, vol. XII., p. 385 _et seq._ According to Petrarch, Astrology and Medicine were different branches of a common charlatanism. Cf. _Libri IV., Invectivarum contra medicum quemdam._ HEYWOOD, _The Ensamples of Fra Filippo, a Study of Mediæval Siena_ (Siena, 1901), p. 325. VOIGT, _Il Risorgimento dell'antichità classica_ (Fir., 1897), vol. I., p. 77 _et seq._ OWEN, _The Skeptics of the Italian Renaissance_ (London, 1893), p. 119, and cf. CHAUCER in the _Prologue_ to the _Canterbury Tales_. For medical practice in the fourteenth century, see _Fiori di Medicina di Maestro Gregorio Medicofisico Del Sec. XIV._ (Bologna, Gaetano Romagnuoli, 1865), and cf. IL LASCA, Nov. I., _et_ X., Cena Prima. Pico della Mirandola was one of the first who entered the lists against these charlatans in his treatise in twelve books, _Adversus Astrologos_ (Venice, 1498).] The Duke had now attained to manhood, and in the enjoyment of a tranquil reign he began to practise those lessons which he had imbibed under Odasio. Amid the attractions of the lists or the chase, which his own tastes and the joyous temperament of his Duchess strongly recommended to him, he was not forgetful of more solid accomplishments. It is unfortunate that few memorials are preserved of the formation of that select circle which he appears thus early to have drawn around him. It was not until fourteen years later, that Count Castiglione entered that court which he was destined to immortalise; nor had the group of fine spirits who are brought upon the stage in the _Cortegiano_ as yet assembled at Urbino. But many of Duke Federigo's old and honoured servants remained about the person of his son, and maintained that tone of lettered refinement which the veteran commander had cherished.