=514.= A superficial knowledge of mathematics may lead to the belief that this subject can be taught incidentally, and that exercises akin to counting the petals of flowers or the legs of a grasshopper are mathematical. Such work ignores the fundamental idea out of which quantitative reasoning grows--the equality of magnitudes. It leaves the pupil unaware of that relativity which is the essence of mathematical science. Numerical statements are frequently required in the study of natural history, but to repeat these as a drill upon numbers will scarcely lend charm to these studies, and certainly will not result in mathematical knowledge.--SPEER, W. W. _Primary Arithmetic (Boston, 1897), pp. 26-27._ =515.= Mathematics is no more the art of reckoning and computation than architecture is the art of making bricks or hewing wood, no more than painting is the art of mixing colors on a palette, no more than the science of geology is the art of breaking rocks, or the science of anatomy the art of butchering. --KEYSER, C. J. _Lectures on Science, Philosophy and Art (New York, 1908), p. 29._ =516.= The study of mathematics--from ordinary reckoning up to the higher processes--must be connected with knowledge of nature, and at the same time with experience, that it may enter the pupil’s circle of thought.--HERBART, J. F. _Letters and Lectures on Education [Felkin] (London, 1908), p. 117._ =517.= First, as concerns the _success_ of teaching mathematics. No instruction in the high schools is as difficult as that of mathematics, since the large majority of students are at first decidedly disinclined to be harnessed into the rigid framework of logical conclusions. The interest of young people is won much more easily, if sense-objects are made the starting point and the transition to abstract formulation is brought about gradually. For this reason it is psychologically quite correct to follow this course. Not less to be recommended is this course if we inquire into the essential purpose of mathematical instruction. Formerly it was too exclusively held that this purpose is to sharpen the understanding. Surely another important end is to implant in the student the conviction that _correct thinking based on true premises secures mastery over the outer world_. To accomplish this the outer world must receive its share of attention from the very beginning.