The mammalian life which we find with the more advanced implements of Chellean times apparently does not include the old Pliocene mammals, such as the Etruscan rhinoceros and the sabre-tooth tiger. With this exception it is so similar to that of Second Interglacial times that it may serve to prove again that the third glaciation was a local episode and not a wide-spread climatic influence. This life is everywhere the same, from the valley of the Thames, as witnessed in the low river-gravels of Gray's Thurrock and Ilford, to the region of the present Thuringian forests near Weimar, where it is found in the deposits of Taubach, Ehringsdorf, and Achenheim, in which the mammals belong to the more recent date of early Acheulean culture. The life of this great region during Chellean and early Acheulean times was a mingling of the characteristic forest and meadow fauna of western Europe with the descendants of the African-Asiatic invaders of late Pliocene and early Pleistocene times. [Illustration: PL. IV. The Piltdown man of Sussex, England. Antiquity variously estimated at 100,000 to 300,000 years. The ape-like structure of the jaw does not prevent the expression of a considerable degree of intelligence in the face. After the restoration modelled by J. H. McGregor.] Southern mammoth. Hippopotamus. Straight-tusked elephant. Broad-nosed rhinoceros. Spotted hyæna. Lion. Bison and wild ox. Red deer. Roe-deer. Giant deer. Brown bear. Wolf. Badger. Marten. Otter. Beaver. Hamster. Water-vole. The forests were full of the red deer (_Cervus elaphus_), of the roe-deer (_C. capreolus_), and of the giant deer (_Megaceros_), also of a primitive species of wild boar (_Sus scrofa ferus_) and of wild horses probably representing more than one variety. The brown bear (_Ursus arctos_) of Europe is now for the first time identified; there was also a primitive species of wolf (_Canis suessi_). The small carnivora of the forests and of the streams are all considered as closely related to existing species, namely, the badger (_Meles taxus_), the marten (_Mustela martes_), the otter (_Lutra vulgaris_), and the water-vole (_Arvicola amphibius_). The prehistoric beaver of Europe (_Castor fiber_) now replaces the giant beaver (_Trogontherium_) of Second Interglacial times.