|---------------------------- } IN | |2d INTERGLACIAL. Also the stag, giant deer,} WESTERN | |---------------------------- bison, wild cattle, } EUROPE. | | Reindeer and forest horse, boar, } | |II. GLACIAL. Woolly Mammoth wolf, fox, lynx, } | | in Northern wildcat, several species} | | Germany. of bear. } | |---------------------------- } | | 1st INTERGLACIAL. Survival of many Pliocene } | |---------------------------- African-Asiatic Mammals,} | | Musk-ox in mingled with Pliocene } | |I. GLACIAL. Sussex, and recent Eurasiatic } | | England. Forest and Meadow } | | Mammals. } | |======================================================================| | |Early | 'Warm' More hardy | | |GEOLOGIC |Migrations of| African-Asiatic Eurasiatic | | |AND |Scandinavian | Mammals. Mammals. | | |CLIMATIC |and North | | | |STAGES. |Siberian | Temperate and Cool | | | |Mammals near | sheltered parts temperate | THREE | | |the parts of | of Western forests and| CHIEF | | |Ice-fields. | Europe. meadows. | LIFE | | ______ _____ ______________ _____________| PERIODS. | | \ / \ / | | | REGIONS NEAR MORE SHELTERED | | | THE ICE-FIELDS NON-GLACIATED REGIONS | | | AND GLACIAL REMOTE FROM THE GLACIAL | | | BORDERS. BORDERS AND ICE-FIELDS. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ The five great sources of mammalian migration into western Europe in Pleistocene times were accordingly as follows: 1. WARM PLAINS of northern Africa and of southern Asia. "African-Asiatic" fauna--hippopotamus, rhinoceros, elephant. 2. TEMPERATE MEADOWS AND FORESTS of Europe and Asia. "Eurasiatic" fauna--deer, bison, horse. 3. HIGH, COOL MOUNTAIN RANGES--Alps, Pyrenees, Caucasus, Urals. Fauna--chamois, ibex, ptarmigan. (See Fig. 185.) 4. STEPPES AND DESERTS. Dry, elevated plateaus and steppes of eastern Europe and central Asia. Fauna--desert ass and horse, saiga antelope, jerboa. (See Fig. 186.)