Certainly Java was then a part of the Asiatic continent, and similar herds of great mammals roamed freely over the plains from the foot-hills of the Himalaya Mountains to the borders of the ancient Trinil River, while similar apes inhabited the forests. At this time the orang may have entered the forests of Borneo, which are at present its home; it is the only ape thus far found in the uppermost Pliocene of India. We may, therefore, anticipate the discovery, at any time, in India of a race similar to _Pithecanthropus_. The geologic age of the Trinil race is, therefore, to be considered as late Pliocene or early Pleistocene. [Illustration: FIG. 34. The top (1) and side (1_a_) views of the skull-top of _Pithecanthropus erectus_. After Dubois. One-third life size.] This great discovery of Dubois aroused wide-spread and heated discussion, in which the foremost anatomists and palæontologists of the world took part. Some regarded the skull as that of a giant gibbon, others as prehuman, and still others as a transition form. We may form our own opinion, however, from a fuller understanding of the specimens themselves, always keeping in mind that it is a question whether the femur and the skull belong to the same individual or even to the same race. First, we are struck by the marked resemblance which the top of the skull bears, both on viewing it from the side and from above, to that of the Neanderthal race. This fully justifies the opinion of the anatomist Schwalbe(21) that the skull of _Pithecanthropus_ is nearer to that of Neanderthal man than to that of even the highest of the anthropoid apes. As measured by Schwalbe, the index of the height of the cranium (_Kalottenhöheindex_) may be compared with others as follows: Lowest human race 52 per cent. Neanderthal man 40.4 per cent. _Pithecanthropus_, or Trinil race 34.2 per cent. [Illustration: FIG. 35. Head of chimpanzee--front and side views--exhibiting a head of somewhat similar shape to that of _Pithecanthropus_, with prominent eyebrow ridges, but much smaller brain capacity. Photograph from the New York Zoological Park.]