Wolf, _Middle Age_, p. 68; Graetz, vol. ix. p. 494. Footnote 10: _Historia de los Judios de España_, vol. iii. p. 357. Footnote 11: Wolf, _Crypto-Jews_, loc. cit. Footnote 12: Wolf, _Middle Age_, pp. 61–63. Footnote 13: De Castro, _Auswahl von Grabsteinen_, Part I. p. 28. Footnote 14: Rycaut, _History of the Turkish Empire_ (1687), vol. ii. pp. 174, _et seq._ Footnote 15: _Infra_, pp. 143–145. Footnote 16: Tracts on Liberty of Conscience, 1614–1661 (Hanserd Knollys Soc.), pp. 28, 30–31, 47, 71. Footnote 17: Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. VII., MSS. of Sir F. Graham, pp. 401–403. Footnote 18: See reprint by Hanserd Knollys Soc., p. 141. For Roger Williams’s services to the cause of Jewish Toleration, see Wolf, “American Elements in the Resettlement” (_Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. iii. pp. 77–78), and Straus, “Roger Williams, the Pioneer of Religious Liberty,” pp. 172–178. Footnote 19: Edwards, _Gangræna_, Part III. p. 103. Footnote 20: Art. 10. See also his “Good Work for a Good Magistrate” (1651), pp. 53, 90. Footnote 21: _Mercurius Pragmaticus_, Dec. 19–26, 1648. Footnote 22: Firth, “Notes on the History of the Jews in England, 1648–1660.” _Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. iv. Footnote 23: “The Petition of the Jews for the Repealing of the Act of Parliament for their Banishment out of England” (Lond., 1649). Footnote 24: Fuller, “A Pisgah-sight of Palestine,” Book V. p. 194. Footnote 25: Calendar State Papers, Dom. 1623–25. p. 435. Footnote 26: Whitelock, “Memorials,” p. 397. Footnote 27: De Castro, _Auswahl_, loc. cit. Footnote 28: Edwards, _Gangræna_, i. p. 121; ii. pp. 26, 31; “Middlesex County Records,” vol. iii. pp. 186–87; _Anabaptisticum Pantheon_, p. 233; Hickes, _Peculium Dei_, pp. 19–26. There are many other scattered references in the literature of the period to this curious movement. Footnote 29: A good life of Menasseh ben Israel has yet to be written. Short biographies have been published by Kayserling (English translation in _Miscellany of Hebrew Literature_, vol. ii.); the Rev. Dr. H. Adler, Chief Rabbi of the British Empire (_Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. i.); and Graetz (_Geschichte der Juden_, vol. x.). None of these is exhaustive, or based on bedrock material. Footnote 30: “Gratulação ao seren. Raynha Henri. Maria, dignissima corsorte ao august; Carlo, Rey da Grande Britannia, Francia e Hebernia” (Amst., 1642). Footnote 31: Harl. Misc., vol. vii. p. 623; _infra_, p. lxxvii. Footnote 32: Thorowgood, “Jews in America” (1660), Postscript to the “Epistle Dedicatory.” Footnote 33: The Declaration of the Unity of God, the fundamental teaching of Judaism (Deut. vi. 4–9). _Shema_ means “Hear,” and it is the first word of verse 4: “Hear, O Israel; the Lord our God is one God.” Footnote 34: Dury, “Epistolary Discourse to Mr. Thomas Thorowgood” (1649). Footnote 35: