It is interesting to note that they include nursing, disordered menstruation, self abuse, sexual excess, surgical operations, bronchitis, prostatic disease, lupus, commencing menstruation, transference of morbid action from other organs to the brain, excessive tobacco smoking, chloroform inhalation, excessive number of children, religious excitement, marriage, changes of residence, sedentary habits, political excitement, bad temper, the Queen's Jubilee, etc. As he says, "No other disease has anything like this list of 107 causes. A black and terrible roll it is. Poor humanity has much to contend with to keep sound in mind." Analyzing these statistical findings, Clouston concludes that "bad heredity, congenital defects, and previous attacks are the great predisposing causes, and that alcohol, the crises of life, epilepsy, the various forms of brain poisons and the gross brain and nervous diseases constitute the mass of exciting causes. Together they account for over seventy per cent of the defects and diseases of the mind that come under my observation." A reference to the statistical reports of the past as published by the hospitals of this and other countries will show nothing radically different until within the last few years. It will readily be observed that fundamentals were almost entirely lost sight of and nonessentials overemphasized. Masturbation, for instance, is often a symptom of dementia praecox and other forms of mental disease, but is not now looked upon as an important etiological factor. The immediate cause, so-called, is usually a mere incident, often not without some significance, but bearing little if any definite relation to the fundamental underlying condition responsible for a mental breakdown. The studies of Meyer, Hoch, Kraepelin, Freud, Jung, Bleuler and many others have shown that in manic-depressive insanity, dementia praecox and various other psychoses we are dealing with very definite constitutional conditions, morbid temperaments, personality defects, etc., which are responsible for the maladjustments leading to the development of psychoses. Financial reverses, domestic difficulties, the death of near relatives, the ordinary hardships and disappointments of life, even ill health, do not as a rule mean the development of a psychosis in the normal, properly balanced individual. In the constitutionally predisposed, the love affair, the loss of a position, the upsetting factor, whatever it may be, is merely the "straw that breaks the camel's back" and is nothing more than an accident of fate, a pure coincidence. Any other comparatively trifling occurrence out of the ordinary, any difficult situation which the makeup of the individual could not adequately meet and react to, would have accomplished the same result. There are, however, of course, certain psychic traumas to which these inadequate personalities are particularly susceptible.