Salmon[71] has shown that in spite of the fact that in 1882 only 12.9 per cent of all incoming aliens admitted were from those countries, eighty-one per cent of all immigration from Europe in 1907 came from Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Poland, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Syria and Turkey. In 1882, 87.1 per cent of those admitted came from England, Germany, Holland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Belgium. The races represented by the new tide of immigration, according to Salmon, were Slavic, thirty per cent, Italian, twenty-six per cent, and Hebrew, fifteen per cent, the remainder being made up of various other miscellaneous elements. This change is shown by the fact that the immigration from Austria-Hungary, which amounted to only 711,926 from 1820 to 1896, increased to 2,303,323 during the first decade of the present century. Five hundred and thirty-four thousand three hundred and thirty-six were admitted from Russia between 1820 and 1896 and 1,756,027 between 1900 and 1911. The Italian immigration, which amounted to 676,826 between 1820 and 1896, increased to 2,228,759 between 1901 and 1911 (Salmon[72]). The numerical status of immigration by decades is shown in the following table: From 1831 to 1840 528,721 1841 to 1850 1,604,805 1851 to 1860 2,648,912 1861 to 1870 2,369,878 1871 to 1880 2,812,191 1881 to 1890 5,246,613 1891 to 1900 3,687,564 1901 to 1910 8,795,386 1911 to 1920 6,747,381 A study made by the United States Immigration Commission some years ago showed that of 68,942 foreign born males employed in various mining and manufacturing industries, and who had been in the United States for five years or more, only 33.3 per cent had obtained naturalization papers. Of 246,673 of this same class representing non-English speaking races, only 53.2 per cent had learned the language of this country to any extent. A report made by the Commissioner General of Immigration showed that of 719,906 immigrants over fourteen years of age and admitted from 1899 to 1909, 26.6 per cent could neither read nor write and 29.8 per cent had no occupation. The following table shows the percentage of foreign born in the population of the United States from time to time as stated in official reports:— 1850 9.7 per cent 1860 13.3 " " 1870 14.4 " " 1880 13.3 " " 1890 14.7 " " 1900 13.6 " " 1910 14.7 " " 1920 12.96 " " (white only) The foreign born population naturally varies more or less in different parts of the country. In New York state it was twenty-six per cent in 1870, 23.8 in 1880, 26.2 in 1890, 26.1 in 1900, 29.9 in 1910, and 26.8 per cent in 1920. In Massachusetts it was 30.6 per cent in 1895, 30.2 in 1900, 30.3 in 1905, 31.5 in 1910, 31.2 in 1915, and 28 per cent in 1920.