At last there is some evidence of progress in the teaching of psychiatry in medical schools, hospitals and clinics, although only a beginning has been made as yet. More noteworthy advances have been made in other countries. The appointment of Heinroth as a professor of psychiatry at Leipsic in 1811 promised developments which did not materialize to any great extent for many years. According to Sibbald,[33] psychiatric wards or clinics were established at Würzburg in 1833, Jena in 1848, Vienna in 1853, Berlin in 1865 and at Göttingen in 1866. Scholz made provision for observation wards in a general hospital in Bremen in 1875. Fürstner opened a psychiatric clinic at Heidelberg in 1878. Hitzig accomplished the same thing at Halle in 1891 and Siemerling at Kiel in 1901. The inception of the modern psychiatric clinic has generally been attributed to Griesinger.[34] In his preface to volume one of the "Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten" in 1868 he advocated the establishment of small hospitals in cities for the intensive treatment of acute and recoverable mental cases. He recommended a large staff of physicians and accommodation for from sixty to eighty patients, according to the needs of the community, but not to exceed one hundred and fifty under any circumstances. "In close connection with the organization of such institutions there is a crying need and a new, most important interest—the question of psychiatrical instruction. This is absolutely indispensable." This he proposed to accomplish by establishing a highly specialized clinic to be maintained largely by the teaching staff of a university. Griesinger's ideas were eventually carried out in full by Ziehen in Berlin, Sommer in Giessen and Bleuler in Zurich. Perhaps nothing has had more to do with the development of psychopathic hospitals in the United States than the well-known clinic established by Kraepelin at Munich in 1905. It occupies a three-story building accommodating one hundred patients and cares for between fifteen hundred and two thousand cases annually. Hydrotherapeutic and electrical treatments are used extensively. A certain number of beds are reserved for research purposes. Psychological studies receive a great deal of attention. The out-patient department is a prominent feature. The teaching of psychiatry is one of the important purposes of the clinic. Kraepelin's methods have been followed rather closely here. The remarks made by Pliny Earle[35] in 1867 were almost prophetic in character. "Carbon agglomerated is charcoal, carbon crystallized is diamond. What charcoal is to the diamond, such, I believe, is the psychopathic hospital of the present compared with the psychopathic hospital of the future.... When the defects which I have mentioned shall have been thoroughly remedied by a comprehensive curriculum, a complete organization, a perfect systematization, an efficient administration, the charcoal now