We may next consider the kind of meanings which roots convey. Antecedently we might form various anticipations on this head, such as that they should be imitative of natural sounds, expressive of concrete ideas, and so forth. As a matter of fact, we find that they are not expressive of natural sounds; but, as far as we have now any means of judging, quite arbitrary. Moreover, they are not expressive of concrete or particular ideas; but always of abstract or general. Here, then, to begin with, we have two facts of apparently great importance. And they are both facts which, at first sight, seem to countenance the view that, in its last resort, comparative philology fails to testify to the natural origin of speech. But we must look into the matter more closely, and, in order to do this most fairly, I will quote from Professor Max Müller the 121 roots into which he analyzes the Sanskrit language. This is the language which has been most carefully studied in the present connection, and of all its students Professor Max Müller is least open to any suspicion of inclining to the side of “Darwinism.” The following is a list of what he calls “the 121 original concepts.” 1. Dig. 2. Plat, weave, sew, bind. 3. Crush, pound, destroy, waste, rub, smooth. 4. Sharpen. 5. Smear, colour, knead, harden. 6. Scratch. 7. Bite, eat. 8. Divide, share, eat. 9. Cut. 10. Gather, observe. 11. Stretch, spread. 12. Mix. 13. Scatter, strew. 14. Sprinkle, drip, wet. 15a. Shake, tremble, quiver, flicker. 15b. Shake, mentally, be angry, abashed, fearfully, etc. 16. Throw down, fall. 17. Fall to pieces. 18. Shoot, throw at. 19. Pierce, split. 20. Join, fight, check. 21. Tear. 22. Break, smash. 23. Measure. 24. Blow. 25. Kindle. 26. Milk, yield. 27. Pour, flow, rush. 28. Separate, free, leave, lack. 29. Glean. 30. Choose. 31. Cook, roast, boil. 32. Clean. 33. Wash. 34. Bend, bow. 35. Turn, roll. 36. Press, fix. 37. Squeeze. 38. Drive, thrust. 39. Push, stir, live. 40. Burst, gush, laugh, beam. 41. Dress. 42. Adorn. 43. Strip, remove. 44. Steal. 45. Check. 46. Fill, thrive, swell, grow strong. 47. Cross. 48. Sweeten. 49. Shorten. 50. Thin, suffer. 51. Fat, stick, love. 52. Lick. 53. Suck, nourish. 54. Drink, swell. 55. Swallow, sip. 56. Vomit. 57. Chew, eat. 58. Open, extend. 59. Reach, strive, rule, have. 60. Conquer, take by violence, struggle. 61. Perform, succeed. 62. Attack, hurt. 63. Hide, drive. 64. Cover, embrace. 65. Bear, carry. 66. Can, be strong. 67. Show. 68. Touch. 69. Strike. 70. Ask. 71. Watch, observe. 72. Lead. 73. Set. 74. Hold, wield. 75. Give, yield. 76. Cough. 77. Thirsty, dry. 78. Hunger. 79. Yawn. 80. Spue. 81. Fly. 82. Sleep. 83. Bristle, dare. 84. Be angry, harsh. 85. Breathe. 86. Speak.