The cloud layer of stratus is always very low. If it is divided into ragged masses in a wind or by mountain tops, it may be called _fracto-stratus_. The complete absence of detail of structure differentiates stratus from other aggregated forms of cloud. We have given the foregoing official definitions and descriptions in full in order to aid the reader as much as possible, so far as verbal information goes, in learning to call the common clouds by their names. Good pictures are, of course, an essential part of this process, and apart from those that illustrate the present text, many collections of such pictures are easy of access. Some may be obtained free or at nominal cost from the Weather Bureau in Washington and from the Meteorological Office in London. The “International Cloud Atlas” (second edition, Paris, 1910) is now out of print, but may be consulted in libraries. Of the clouds above enumerated, cirrus, cirro-cumulus, and cirro-stratus are the highest, and are always ice clouds. They consist in some cases of separate, minute crystals--a fine dust of ice--producing, according to the forms of the crystals, one or another of the various forms of halo around the sun and moon; while in other cases the crystals are aggregated in small snowflakes, so that the cloud is a real snowstorm in midair. The altitude of these clouds generally ranges from 4 to 8 miles. In the equatorial region their height is often 10 miles or more. The other main types of cloud are composed wholly or chiefly of water. Alto-cumulus and alto-stratus are clouds of medium altitude; strato-cumulus and nimbus are low clouds (generally not more than a mile high); while stratus, the lowest cloud of all, grades into fog, which commonly rests on the earth. Since cumulus and cumulo-nimbus are produced by the condensation of moisture from rising air currents, the height of their bases varies widely with the temperature and humidity of the lower air; the average height is rather less than a mile. Their vertical extent, however, is much greater than that of the other cloud types. Cumulo-nimbus sometimes towers to a height of 4 or 5 miles above its base, and it is then commonly crowned with ice clouds, including a filmy “scarf cloud” draping the summit, and spreading wisps of so-called “false cirrus,” drawn out horizontally by the upper winds.