By the end of a week he had begun to suspect that his magnet analogy
went farther than he was at first prepared to hold. The action of a
magnet was along curved lines of force. So he asks:--
“Can induction through air take place in curves or round a corner--can
probably be found experimentally--if so not a radiating effect.”
After ten days more he has made another step.
“Electricity appears to exist only in _polarity_ as in air, glass,
electrolytes, etc. Now metals, being conductors, cannot take up that
polar state of their own power, or rather retain it, and hence probably
cannot retain developed electric forces.
* * * * *
“Metals, however, probably hold it for a moment, as other things do for
a longer time; an end coming at last to all.”
This, it will be observed, is nothing more or less than Clerk Maxwell’s
theory of conduction as being the breaking down of an electrostatic
strain.
In January, 1836, followed the famous experiment of building a
twelve-foot cube, which when electrified exteriorly to the utmost
extent, showed inside no trace of electric forces. The account in the
unpublished MS. of the laboratory book is, as is the case with so
many of these middle-period researches, much fuller than the published
_résumé_ of them in the “Experimental Researches.” All through 1836
he was still at work. Even when on a holiday in the Isle of Wight, in
August, he took his notebook with him, and writes:--
“After much consideration (here at Ryde) of the manner in which the
electric forces are arranged in the various phenomena generally, I have
come to certain conclusions which I will endeavour to note down without
committing myself to any opinion as to the cause of electricity, _i.e._
as to the nature of the power. If electricity exist independently of
matter, then I think that the hypothesis of one fluid will not stand
against that of two fluids. There are, I think, evidently, what I may
call two elements of power of equal force and acting towards each
other. These may conventionally be represented by oxygen and hydrogen,
which represent them in the voltaic battery. But these powers may be
distinguished only _by direction_, and may be no more separate than the
north and south forces in the elements of a magnetic needle. They may
be the polar points of the forces originally placed in the particles of
matter; and the description of the current as an axis of power which I
have formerly given suggests some similar general impression for the
forces of quiescent electricity. Law of electric tension might do, and
though I shall use the terms positive and negative, by them I merely
mean the termini of such lines.”
Right on until November 30th, 1837, this research was continued. The
summary of this and the succeeding researches of 1838 on the same
subject, drawn up by Professor Tyndall,[45] is at once so masterly
and so impartial that it cannot be bettered. It is therefore here
transcribed without alteration.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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