growing and spreading for some years past, he treated the question from a general point of view without mentioning the unhappy prisoner of Devil's Island. And here one may well call a halt to consider the state of affairs which had prompted Zola to raise his voice on behalf of a community with which he had no connection whatever, either racial or religious, but which he defended by virtue entirely of the guiding principles of his life,--the principles of truth and justice. [1] "Enquête Médico-Psychologique sur les Rapports de la Supériorité Intellectuelle avec la Névropathie. Introduction générale. Émile Zola," by Dr. É. Toulouse, Paris, 1896. [2] "Journal des Goncourt," Vol. VI, p. 254. [3] According to Dr. Toulouse, Zola was less keen than most people in detecting odours, but he had a "smell memory" and could remember objects by their scent. [4] Published in 1893. [5] He showed great sensitiveness to all cutaneous impressions. He could not wear clothes in any degree tight, or lie in bed "tucked in." As a rule he slept for seven hours, and on awaking he constantly complained of pains in one and another part of the body, this being a symptom common among those who are liable to nervous affections. [6] Not in the work previously quoted, but in a paper he wrote after Zola's death ("Le Temps," October, 1902). [7] "Westminster Review," January, 1891, "Patriotism and Chastity," p. 2. [8] "Enquête sur l'Évolution Littéraire," by Jules Huret, Paris, 1891. [9] "Lourdes," Paris, Charpentier, 1894, 18mo, 598 pages. Seventy thousand copies sold on publication; one hundred and fifty-fourth thousand in 1903. [10] "La Vraie Bernadette de Lourdes," Paris, 1894. [11] "Rome," Paris, Charpentier and Fasquelle, 1896, 18mo, 751 pages. One hundredth thousand on sale in 1898; one hundred and sixth thousand in 1903. In the case of this book and subsequent ones, the sales from 1897 onward were largely affected by the unpopularity which Zola reaped from his participation in the Dreyfus case. [12] "Nouvelle Campagne," Paris, E. Fasquelle, 1897, 18mo, 296 pages. XIII THE DREYFUS CASE 1894-1900