Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the RenaissanceJacob, P. L.
History
Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance
Jacob, P. L.
Europe -- Social life and customs; Manners and customs -- History; Middle Ages; Renaissance
Fortunately, Don Garcias de Toledo, the viceroy of Sicily, came with
sixty galleys to their assistance. During the four months of the siege
the Turkish forces fired seventy-eight thousand rounds of artillery,
and lost fifteen thousand soldiers and eight thousand sailors.
[Illustration: Fig. 144.--The French Priory at Rhodes (Fifteenth
Century).--State of the Ruins in 1828.]
The knights of the order had on their side to deplore the loss of more
than three thousand of their brethren. Their grand master decreed that
annually, on the eve of the festival of Our Lady of September, prayers
should be offered up in all the churches of the order, thanking God for
the providential succours which had delivered the besieged, and that
on the preceding day a commemorative service should be celebrated in
honour of those who had fallen in defence of the faith.
Henceforward neither the town nor the island, which remained the head
quarters of the order, was again disturbed by the Turks, and Jean de la
Valette built a new city in Malta, which was called Valetta, after him.
The members of the Order of Malta were divided into three classes: the
knights, the chaplains, and the serving brothers. The first comprised
those whose noble birth and previous rank in other armies marked
them out for military service. The second consisted of priests, and
ecclesiastics who performed all the ordinary religious duties, and
who acted as almoners in time of war. The last were neither nobles
nor ecclesiastics; and all that was necessary to admit an individual
to this class, was for him to prove that he was born of respectable
parents, who had never exercised any handicraft. The serving brothers
were distinguished at a later period by a coat-of-arms of a different
colour to that of the knights. The aspirants were termed _douats_
or _demi-croix_. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem had merely
a nominal existence in the statutes of the Order of Malta, although
the knights of the latter, on their reception into the order, were
still termed “servants of the sick and needy.” For a long time
there existed in Spain, Lady Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem,
who devoted themselves to hospital work and deeds of charity (Fig.
145). Every country in Europe furnished its quota to the Order of
Malta, which had entirely replaced that of St. John, and was divided
into eight different tongues or nations, each under the direction
of a grand prior, viz., Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon,
Germany, Castile, and England. These national grand priors were termed
_piliers_, or _monastic bailiffs_. Each nation was subdivided
into a number of lesser commands, to hold one of which was equivalent
to holding an ecclesiastical benefice, and which were subordinate to
their grand prior alone.
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