In the thirteenth century, when the celebrated William Durand, Bishop of Mende, wrote his “Rationale of Divine Service,” a complete collection of the liturgy of the day, this sort of canonical legislation became settled as much as a matter could be which the bishops and even the mere priests were continually modifying. William Durand, following the example of his predecessors, included many innovations which were to be lamented, many eccentric rites foreign to the traditions of the primitive church, and lowering to the dignity of divine worship. Enlightened minds felt the truth of this, and the Council of Trent found it necessary to demand a liturgical reform. In consequence of this demand Pope Pius V., in 1568, issued the corrected form of the _Roman Breviary_, and, in 1570, the new _Missal_. As the principal object was to reform the errors which had crept in in later times, the dioceses which possessed rituals of at least two hundred years old could either preserve their own customs or adopt the Breviary and the Missal of Pius V. The Church has deviated as little as possible from its ancient ceremonial, particularly in what concerns the administration of the sacraments. Nevertheless, seven sacraments, which we will rapidly notice in the order in which they are enumerated by the Council of Trent, were formerly accompanied by certain ceremonies which the change of manners and customs has caused to fall into disuse, and which we shall mention merely as a proof of their antiquity. [Illustration: Fig 189.--Three Sacraments: _Baptism_, which inaugurates life; _Confirmation_, which strengthens childhood; and _Penance_, which reconciles manhood. Left portion of the triptych painted on panel by Roger Van der Weyden (Rogier del Pasturle).--From the Antwerp Museum (Fifteenth Century).] 1. _Baptism_, which St. Peter had given by _aspersion_ to the three thousand persons whom he converted by his first sermon, was also given in primitive times by _immersion_; finally _infusion_ (from the Latin verb _infundere_, to sprinkle) was adopted in the manner in which it is practised in our own day (Figs. 189 and 190). 2. _Confirmation_ was administered immediately after baptism, when only adults were admitted to the latter sacrament; but when baptism was administered to new-born infants, confirmation had to be postponed till the receivers of the rite were old enough to answer for themselves--that is to say, until they were capable of distinguishing between good and evil (Fig. 189). 3. The _Eucharist_ from the earliest times was administered under the name of _communion_ to those in sound health, and under the name of _viaticum_ to those at the point of death (Figs. 192 and 193).