A landscape sketch is a place sketched with details shown in perspective. The horizon is always of military importance and should be shown as well as intervening crests, woods, houses, etc. Landscape sketching in trench warfare is a necessary accomplishment of the observer. The beginner will at first be confused by a mass of details, but he must note only the outline of the features sketched. First draw the sky line and crests, then fill in the other details with fewest lines possible. Unnecessary shading tends to detract from the clearness of the sketch. There will be great difficulty in getting the perspective, note the size of objects, the further away they are the smaller they seem. Make them so. In making the sketch, hold the pad in front with one eye closed, the upper edge of the pad horizontal; a string 20 inches long is tied to the pad and held between the teeth to insure the same distance from the eye each time. Moreover, if it is desired to locate objects by deflection of an angle from a reference point, this can be done by using _mils_. One mil is 1-6400 of a circle. At 20 inches a half-inch interval subtends 25 mils. [Illustration: Plate #11] The paper is oriented by bringing the sector desired along the upper edge of the pad. The points desired are then in proper positions, both horizontally and vertically. Place a mark at the upper edge for points desired. The sky line should be located first. Now carry these lines down, having drawn three horizontal lines about 1/2 inch apart, beginning with the highest point on the top line. Marks locating the other features are likewise transposed in vertical and horizontal portions. Now draw sky line connecting transposed marks, then such other points as crests, trenches, houses, etc. After practice most other features can be drawn in without reorienting, the sky line having been drawn. The vertical elevation should be slightly exaggerated. Objects in the background should be drawn in lightly while nearby features are indicated by _heavy lines_. Avoid details, draw only silhouette, shade only in showing woods. LESSON 8. (FIELD WORK--FIVE HOURS.) PROBLEM.--Make complete area sketch including contours, with no data furnished other than the initial elevation. Before commencing the work summarize the important points involved. 1. If possible select a base line. 2. Locate as many points by intersection as possible. 3. Make traverse by road, check locations by resection. 4. At good observation points observe and complete the sketch as far as possible. At each station keep the following points in view: