341. ~star of Arcady Or Tyrian Cynosure~; here put by synecdoche for 'lode-star.' More particularly, the star of Arcady signifies any of the stars in the constellation of the Great Bear, by which Greek sailors steered; and 'Tyrian Cynosure' signifies the stars comprising that part of the constellation of the Lesser Bear which, from its shape, was called _Cynosura_, the dog's tail (Greek κυνὸς οὐρά), and by which Phoenician or Tyrian sailors steered. See _L'Alleg._ 80, "The _cynosure_ of neighbouring eyes," where the word is used as a common noun = point of attraction. Both constellations are connected in Greek mythology with the Arcadian nymph Callisto, who was turned by Zeus into the Great Bear while her son Arcas became the Lesser Bear. Milton follows the Roman poets in associating these stars with Arcadia on this account. 343. ~barred~, debarred or barred _from_. 344. ~wattled cotes~: enclosures made of hurdles, _i.e._ frames of plaited twigs. _Cote_, _cot_, and _coat_ are varieties of the same word = a covering or enclosure. 345. ~oaten stops~: see _Lyc._ 33, "the _oaten_ flute"; 88, "But now my _oat_ proceeds"; 188, "the tender stops of various _quills_." The shepherd's pipe, being at first a row of oaten stalks, "the oaten pipe," "oat," etc., came to denote any instrument of this kind and even to signify "pastoral poetry." The 'stops' are the holes over which the player's fingers are placed, also called vent-holes or "ventages" (_Ham._ iii. 2. 372). See also note on 'azurn,' l. 893. 346. ~whistle ... lodge~, _i.e._ the sound of the shepherd calling his dog by whistling. Or it may be used in the same sense as in _L'Alleg._ 63, "the ploughman _whistles_ o'er the furrowed land." 347. ~Count ... dames~: comp. _L'Alleg._ 52, "the cock ... Stoutly struts his _dames_ before"; 114, "Ere the first cock his matin rings." Grammatically, 'count' (infinitive) forms with 'cock' the complex object of 'might hear.' 349. ~innumerous~, innumerable (Lat. _innumerus_). Comp. _Par. Lost_, vii. 455, "_Innumerous_ living creatures"; ix. 1089. 350. ~hapless~, unfortunate. Many words, such as happy, lucky, fortunate, etc., which strictly refer to a person's hap or chance, whether good or bad, have become restricted to good hap: in order to give them an unfavourable meaning a negative prefix or suffix is necessary. With reference to the word _fortune_, Max Müller says: "We speak of good and evil fortune, so did the French, and so did the Romans. By itself _fortuna_ was taken either in a good or a bad sense, though it generally meant good fortune. Whenever there could be any doubt, the Romans defined _fortuna_ by such adjectives as _bona_, _secunda_, _prospera_, for good; _mala_ or _adversa_ for bad fortune ... _Fortuna_ came to mean something like chance." 351. ~her~, herself. On the reflexive use of _her_, see note, l. 163. 352. ~burs~; burrs, prickly seed-vessels of certain plants, _e.g._ the burr-thistle, the burdock (= the burr-dock), etc.