(NOTE. The figure of the _Mechanitis_ (Fig. 7) is taken from a rather worn specimen. The quality of the orange brown is better shewn by the specimen illustrated in Fig. 7 on Plate XV.) [Illustration] * * * * * PLATE XI SOUTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES 1. _Heliconius sulphurea_ (Heliconinae) 2. _Papilio pausanias_ (Papilionidae) 3. _Heliconius telesiphe_ (Heliconinae) 4. _Colaenis telesiphe_ (Nymphalinae) 5. _Heliconius melpomene_ (Heliconinae) 6. _Pereute charops_ [F] (Pieridae) 7. " " [M] " 8. _Papilio osyris_ [M] (Papilionidae) 9. " " [F] " 10. _Archonias critias_ [F] (Pieridae) [Illustration] * * * * * [Illustration] PLATE XII SOUTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES _Methona confusa_ (Ithomiinae) _Dismorphia orise_ (Pierinae) _Ituna phenarete_ (Danainae) _Castnia sp._ (Heterocera) * * * * * [Illustration] PLATE XIII MODELS 1. _Papilio nephalion_ 2. " _chamissonia_ 3. " _perrhebus_ MIMICS 4. _Papilio lysithous_ var. _lysithous_ 5. " " var. _rurik_ 6. " " var. _pomponius_ (For further details of this case see Jordan, _I^{er} Congr. Internat. d'Entomologie_, Bruxelles, 1911, p. 396.) * * * * * [Illustration] PLATE XIV 1. _Methona confusa_, ×90 (Ithomiinae) 2. _Dismorphia orise_, ×150 (Pierinae) 3. _Thyridia themisto_, ×90 (Ithomiinae) 4. _Ituna ilione_, ×90 (Danainae) 5. _Castnia sp._, ×60 (Moth) Microphotographs of the scales of various Lepidoptera in the S. American "Transparency group." For explanation see text, pp. 39-42. * * * * * PLATE XV CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES Illustrating the closely parallel series of patterns occurring in the two distinct groups Heliconinae and Ithomiinae. 1. _Heliconius mirus_ 2. " _telchinia_ 3. " _eucrate_ 4. " _pardalinus_ 5. " _splendens_ 6. _Mechanitis elisa_ 7. " _saturata_ 8. " _lysimnia_ 9. " _egaensis_ 10. " _methona_ [Illustration] * * * * * PLATE XVI NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES 1. _Papilio philenor_ (Papilionidae) 2. " _troilus_ " 3. _Argynnis diana_ [F] (Nymphalinae) 4. _Limenitis arthemis_ " 5. " _astyanax_ " 6. " _archippus_ " 7. " _floridensis_ (= _eros_) " 8. _Danais archippus_ (Danainae) 9. " _berenice_ " [Illustration] * * * * * {183} INDEX _References to the plates are given in thicker type_