2. _Ex parte Organi vel Medii_, Direct Vision has been improv'd by making use of a _Tube_, without Glasses, or a Man's clos'd Hand, to look thro'; which admitting into the _Eye_ only the principal Rays, that come directly from the Object, do very much strengthen and clear the Sight, by excluding all the Collateral Rays, that crouding into the Eye, together with the direct ones, would confound and disturb it, partly by mixing and interfering with the direct Rays, and partly (or rather chiefly) by too much enlightning the fund of the Eye, wherein Vision is truly (tho' then imperfectly) made. On this is founded the Art of making _Spectacles_ without Glasses; (as well as _Tubes_) which is done by putting into the Glass-holes (instead of Glasses) two short _Tubes_ of between three and four Inches long (for their length is to be vary'd according to the Age or Eye of the Beholder, and so also is the Diameter of the extream ends) which _Tubes_ being made of _Spanish Leather_ (or Past-board, or some such like Matter) and black'd on the inside, are so to be placed, as that the visual Rays, receiv'd thro' them, may meet in one point (or rather issue out from one Point) of the Object standing at such a due distance, as the Person may clearly and distinctly see it, or according to his length of Sight (as ABC, in the 4th _Fig. Tab._ 3.) And these _Spectacles_ may be suppos'd better for preserving the Sight, than the ordinary ones with Glasses, because they represent the Object more naturally, and withal more clearly and distinctly to the Eye, than the other, whose refracted Rays being collected together with the right ones in the Glasses, do somewhat confound good Vision, as before: Especially if the visive Power be strong enough to be sufficiently determin'd by the right Rays alone. For I speak now of preserving a good Eye by these Spectacles, which holds in proportion true also of a bad one. Because those Rays (both right and refracted) being collected and brought so near the Eye (whether good or bad) as the Spectacles are usually plac'd, do too much affect it, both by their own brightness, and also by the brightness of the Colours of the Object (when they are bright) which is brought very near also; whereby the Eye is dazl'd and confounded, unless there be a strong attention and _conatus_ of the Spirits, whereto the bright Rays do certainly engage them, which of necessity weakens Vision, especially if these Glass-spectacles be much us'd. Wherefore the now describ'd new Tube-spectacles, contributing so much to the help and preservation of Sight, may well be counted an improvement of _Direct Vision_, because they convey the Rays to the Eye without any kind of Refraction whatsoever. Seeing the same Object also through various holes, plac'd at certain distances, does somewhat alter Vision; but of this perhaps more hereafter.