[106] _Page 106, note 1._ Granville Sharp (1734-1813) was a broad-minded scholar and determined philanthropist. He left the study of law to go into the ordnance office, which he left, when the American Revolution came on, disapproving of the course of the government. In the case of one of the slaves whom he defended, the Lord Mayor discharged the negro, but his master would not give him up. The case then went before the Court of Kings Bench, and the twelve judges decided in 1772 that a man could not be held in, or transported from, England. In June, 1787, Sharp with Clarkson and ten others, nine of whom were Quakers, formed a committee “for effecting the abolition of the slave trade;” Sharp was chairman. Defeated in Parliament in 1788 and 1789, they were joined by Pitt and Fox in 1790. In 1793 the Commons passed an act for gradual abolition of the trade, which was rejected by the Peers. This occurred again in 1795 and 1804. In 1806, the Fox and Grenville Ministry brought forward abolition of the trade as a government measure. It was carried in 1807. Then the enemies of slavery began to strive for its gradual abolition throughout the British dominions, Clarkson, Wilberforce and Buxton being the principal leaders. The course of events, however, showed that immediate emancipation would be a better measure. The government brought this forward in 1823, modified by an apprenticeship system. The bill with this feature and some compensation to owners was passed in 1833. [107] _Page 108, note 1._ In the essay on Self-Reliance Mr. Emerson said: “An institution is the lengthened shadow of one man; as Monachism, of the Hermit Antony; the Reformation, of Luther; Quakerism, of Fox; Methodism, of Wesley; Abolition, of Clarkson.” [108] _Page 112, note 1._ The “prædials” seem to have been the slaves born into captivity, as distinguished from imported slaves. [109] _Page 115, note 1._ _Emancipation in the West Indies: A Six Months’ Tour in Antigua, Barbadoes and Jamaica, in the year 1837._ J. A. Thome and J. H. Kimball, New York, 1838. [110] _Page 120, note 1._ This was very soon after the coronation of the young Queen Victoria, which occurred in the previous year. [111] _Page 125, note 1._ “All things are moral, and in their boundless changes have an unceasing reference to spiritual nature. Therefore is nature glorious with form, color and motion; that every globe in the remotest heaven, every chemical change from the rudest crystal up to the laws of life ... every animal function from the sponge up to Hercules, shall hint or thunder to man the laws of right and wrong, and echo the Ten Commandments.”—_Nature, Addresses and Lectures_, p. 40. See also the last sentence in “Prudence,” _Essays, First Series_.