First, what does Pestalozzi understand by the “natural” development?
“There is an impulse in every capacity of human nature, which compels
its development from lifeless inactivity into a developed power” (1:
p. 738). This impulse leads each one of our powers to a spontaneous
activity or exercise, and Nature develops it by “the single method
of its own activity.” This natural, organic unfolding of life, with
its multiple activities, is necessarily harmonious when unhindered by
human artifices or unfavorable environment. We must guard this natural
harmony of human nature, upon which the peace and happiness of our
individual and social life rest.
“No one faculty in the human child must be treated with exclusive
or indiscriminate attention, for their co-agency alone can ensure
a successful development of the whole being.” “Every one-sided
development of our powers is untrue and unnatural; it is only apparent
cultivation, ... and not human culture itself” (1: pp. 736, 737).
Pestalozzi is not only antagonistic to that kind of education which
“has an external, limited end of culture, of morality, of social
efficiency in view, and wants to fit the child to this,” but he
opposes that type of pedagogue who requires the child to conform to a
plasterlike model of a perfected man. Each particular child is always
the end, the object, the standard.
“Whatever, therefore, man may attempt to do by his tuition, he can
do no more than assist in the effort which the child makes for his
own development. To do this so that the impressions made upon him may
always be commensurate to the growth and character of the faculties
already unfolded, and at the same time, in harmony with them, is the
great secret of education. The knowledge to which the child is to be
led by instruction must, therefore, necessarily be subjected to a
certain order of succession, the beginning of which must be adapted
to the first unfolding of his powers, and the progress kept exactly
parallel to that of his development” (11: p. 611).
This method of leading or assisting the child along the course of his
successive developmental stages in a natural, progressive order is
what he terms “psychologizing education,” and this was the central
problem of his whole experimentation, so far as the individual child
was concerned. The discovery of his famous “Method of Elementary
Instruction” was the fruit of his lifelong endeavor toward this end,
but he considered his achievement only as a beginning.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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