No colonies are assigned to Sardinia, the three Gauls and two Germanies, Raetia, Noricum, Bithynia, Pontus, Galatia, Galatian Pontus, Paphlagonia, part of Phrygia, Lycaonia, Isauria, Cilicia, Cyprus, Crete, Egypt, Cyrenaica. As for parts of the empire under subject kings, such as Thrace, Cappadocia, Mauretania, no account is taken of them, though there were certainly colonies in Mauretania, at Cartenna and Tupusuctu. Cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, V, 2, 20; C. I. L., VIII, 8857. [134] Cf. an article by Mommsen, _Hermes_, XVIII, 161 ff. on the “Colonies of Italy from Sulla to Vespasian.” When Augustus wrote, Italy was separated from Illyricum by the river Arsia. Yet Illyricum was not counted by him as a province. It had colonies at Emona, Iader, Salona, and possibly at Epidaurus and Narona. Cf. C. I. L., III, pp. 489, 374, 304, 287, 291. Mommsen thinks this omission was intended by Augustus; that he had been able to satisfy some of his veterans, to whom Italian farms had been promised, with lands over the Italian border in Illyricum, and because he could not call it a province, nor yet a part of Italy, he eludes the difficulty by omitting the Illyrian colonies. The names of the twenty-eight Italian colonies are somewhat difficult to establish. Several perplexing questions rise in the attempt. What of the colonies founded by Antony and Octavian as triumvirs? Were they Antoniæ Juliæ, or some Juliæ and others Antoniæ? If the former were true and they dropped the name Antoniæ, the result would be far more than twenty-eight Julian and Augustan colonies. The second probability is more likely, and that the colonies Antoniæ simply dropped their name after Actium. A third difficulty rises in the case of the enlargement of old colonies and their resettlement, as, _e. g._, of Minturnæ. Cf. Hyginus, _De Lim._, p. 177. Mommsen gives a list which nearly meets the statement of Augustus. 1. Ariminum, _Augusta_; 2. Ateste; 3. _Augusta_ Prætoria; 4. _Julia Augusta_ Taurinorum; 5. Beneventum, _Julia Augusta_; 6. Bononia; 7. Brixia, _Augusta_; 8. Capua, _Julia Augusta_; 9. Castrum novum Etruriæ, _Julia_; 10. Concordia, _Julia_; 11. Cumæ (?) _Julia_; 12. Dertona, _Julia_; 13. Fanum Fortunæ, _Julia_; 14. Falerio; 15. Hispellum, _Julia_; 16. Lucus Feroniæ, _Julia_; 17. Minturnæ; 18. Nola, _Augusta_; 19. Parentium, _Julia_; 20. Parma, _Julia Augusta_; 21. Pisae, _Julia_; 22. Pisaurum, _Julia_; 23. Pola, _Julia_; 24. Sæna (?), _Julia_; 25. Sora, _Julia_; 26. Suessa, _Julia_; 27. Sutrium, _Julia_; 28. Tuder, _Julia_; 29, Venafrum, _Julia Augusta_. Cf. Marquardt, _Röm. Staatsverwaltung_, I, 118-132. [135] Of standards recovered in Spain and Gaul we have no further knowledge. It may be that in the Cantabrian war of 728, 729, some such thing took place.