Before using the thermometer the index must be thrown down to a point below the normal. Hold it with the bulb down and shake till it falls sufficiently. The part (the axilla) should not have been exposed for washing for at least half an hour before taking the temperature, and it is a good precaution to keep the axilla (or mouth) closed for ten minutes before putting the bulb of the thermometer into it, and a little time may be saved by slightly warming the bulb in the hand before its introduction. If we are careful and see that the axilla is first dried from perspiration, and that the clothing is not in the way, and that the thermometer is held firmly in position a sufficient time, we may get a correct axillary temperature, unless in a very emaciated person. If taken in the mouth the lips must be closed during the process. The rectum gives the most reliable temperature, and this method is employed for infants. The thermometer should be oiled and introduced for about two inches. Unless the presence of feces prevent, the thermometer will be half a degree higher than if taken in the axilla. It will sometimes take ten minutes or more to obtain the temperature, but some thermometers will do the work in less than five minutes. THE RESPIRATION. That respiration and circulation are intimately connected, and that whatever modifies the pulse usually effects the breathing is a fact generally known. That the proper performance of the function of every organ in the body depends somewhat upon proper respiration, is a fact not so generally known and recognized, and as this is an important topic we may properly here enlarge upon it. By the muscular action of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, and the consequent contractions and expansion of the lungs, the alternate inspirations and expirations are produced which we call breathing. The lungs are not completely filled and emptied by each respiration, and a certain amount of air remains stationary in them. Were this air which remains stationary constantly in a particular portion of the lungs, the same without change, we would derive no benefit from that portion of the lungs. Practically, however, it is believed that the additional supply breathed in and out is diffused through and alters the character of the whole.