Mutual Aid: A Factor of EvolutionKropotkin, Petr Alekseevich, kniaz
Science
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
Kropotkin, Petr Alekseevich, kniaz
Cooperation; Social groups; Social institutions
Communal cultivation does not, however, imply by necessity communal
consumption. Already under the clan organization we often see that when
the boats laden with fruits or fish return to the village, the food they
bring in is divided among the huts and the "long houses" inhabited by
either several families or the youth, and is cooked separately at each
separate hearth. The habit of taking meals in a narrower circle of
relatives or associates thus prevails at an early period of clan life.
It became the rule in the village community. Even the food grown in
common was usually divided between the households after part of it had
been laid in store for communal use. However, the tradition of communal
meals was piously kept alive; every available opportunity, such as the
commemoration of the ancestors, the religious festivals, the beginning
and the end of field work, the births, the marriages, and the funerals,
being seized upon to bring the community to a common meal. Even now this
habit, well known in this country as the "harvest supper," is the last
to disappear. On the other hand, even when the fields had long since
ceased to be tilled and sown in common, a variety of agricultural work
continued, and continues still, to be performed by the community. Some
part of the communal land is still cultivated in many cases in common,
either for the use of the destitute, or for refilling the communal
stores, or for using the produce at the religious festivals. The
irrigation canals are digged and repaired in common. The communal
meadows are mown by the community; and the sight of a Russian commune
mowing a meadow--the men rivalling each other in their advance with the
scythe, while the women turn the grass over and throw it up into
heaps--is one of the most inspiring sights; it shows what human work
might be and ought to be. The hay, in such case, is divided among the
separate households, and it is evident that no one has the right of
taking hay from a neighbour's stack without his permission; but the
limitation of this last rule among the Caucasian Ossetes is most
noteworthy. When the cuckoo cries and announces that spring is coming,
and that the meadows will soon be clothed again with grass, every one in
need has the right of taking from a neighbour's stack the hay he wants
for his cattle.(13) The old communal rights are thus re-asserted, as if
to prove how contrary unbridled individualism is to human nature.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
Reviews
Reviews
No reviews yet
Be the first to share your thoughts on this work.
Elsewhere in the archive
Join the Discussion
Join the discussion
Sign in to leave a comment or review.
Sign InorCreate an account