Another branch well worked by the New York police is its identification department, which is now fully served by the Bertillon method of measurement, and it has always been rich in photographic portraiture. The famous "Rogues' Gallery," which forms the basis of Mr. Inspector Byrnes' book on American criminals, is a marvellous record of rascality. Each picture is backed with a brief history of ancestry and antecedents, so that the influences at work, whether congenital or accidental, evil traits transmitted from parents, or the growth of bad example acting on weak moral fibre, may be seen at once. As has been said, the United States offers many attractions to wrong-doers, and in this police gallery will be found the portraits of such great criminal practitioners as "Hungry Joe," the ex-Governor of South Carolina; Franklin J. Moses, "Big Bertha," Annie Riley, an accomplished linguist; Max Shinburn, and the rest. It is a part of the case against the New York police that it fails to control crime effectively, but it can nevertheless show results at least as good under this head as those achieved in European countries. In some respects indeed its operations are marked by a cleverness and smartness which it would be hard to match in the best of the police forces of the Old World. [Illustration] CHAPTER X. MODERN POLICE (_continued_): RUSSIA. Mr. Sala's Indictment of the Russian Police--Their Wide-reaching Functions--Instances of Police Stupidity--Why Sala Avoided the Police--Von H---- and his Spoons--Herr Jerrmann's Experiences--Perovsky, the Reforming Minister of the Interior--The Regular Police--A Rural Policeman's Visit to a Peasant's House--The State Police--The Third Section--Attacks upon Generals Mezentzoff and Drenteln--The "Paris Box of Bills"--Sympathisers with Nihilism: an Invaluable Ally--Leroy Beaulieu on the Police of Russia--Its Ignorance and Inadequate Pay--The Case of Vera Zassoulich--The Passport System--How it is Evaded and Abused--Its Oppressiveness. Forty years ago a well-known writer summed up the Russian police in the following scathing words: "As grand-masters of the art and mystery of villainy, as proficients in lying, stealing, cruelty, rapacity, and impudence, I will back the Russian police against the whole world of knavery."