[11] _The Worship of Animals and Plants_, Part I. _Fortnightly Review_, 1869. The same argument is generally used; see Tylor, _Early History of Mankind_, 1865; Lubbock, _Origin of Civilization_, 1870; Herbert Spencer, _Fortnightly Review_, May, 1870; Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvoelker_; Bastian, _Mensch in der Geschichte_. [12] See Alger's _Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life_. [13] Arbrousset, _The Basutos_. [14] Muir, _Sanscrit Texts_. [15] Burton, _West Africa_; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_. [16] Pictet, Origines Indo-Eoropeennes. [17] The Hawaians, for example, have only one term for love, friendship, esteem, gratitude, benevolence, etc.--_aloha_; while they have distinct words for different degrees in a single natural phenomenon. Thus _aneane_, gentle breeze; _matani_, wind; _pahi_, the act of breathing through the mouth; _hano_, breathing through the nose. See Hale's _Polynesian Dictionary_. All peoples have slowly attained to typical ideas, and many are even now in process of formation. Thus, the Finns, Lapps, Tartars, and Mongols, have no generic words for _river_, although even the smallest streams have their names. They have not a word to express _fingers_ in general, but special words for thumb, fore-finger, etc. They have no word for tree, but special words for _pine_, _birch_, _ash_, etc. In the Finn language, the word first used for _thumb_ was afterwards applied to fingers generally, and the special word for the bay in which they lived came to be used for all bays. See Castren, _Vorlesungen ueber Finnische Mythologie_. This original confusion in the definition of scientific ideas, and the successive alternations by which they were re-cast, may be gathered from the analysis of language, and from facts which still occur among uncultured and ignorant people. When the inhabitants of Mallculo saw dogs for the first time, they called them _brooas_, or pigs. The inhabitants of Tauna also call the dogs imported thither _buga_, or pigs. When the inhabitants of a small island in the Mediterranean saw oxen for the first time, they called them _horned asses_. [18] See Gaussin's _Langue Polynesienne_. [19] This process of the evolution of primitive myth and of fetishes, will be more elaborately considered in Chapter VII., when we come to speak generally of the historic evolution of science and of myth. The repetition is not superfluous, since it is necessary for the complete understanding of my theory. [20] For example, in ancient Roman mythology the _Fons_ was first adored, then _Fontus_, the father of all sources, and finally _Janus_, a solar myth, the father of Fontus. Janus, as the sun, was the producer of all water, which rose by evaporation and fell again in rain.