Reproduced from the fac-simile given in Nordenskjöld’s _Studien_ (Leipzig, 1885).] We have run down the main feature of the northern cartography, up to the time of the publication of the Zeno map in 1558. The chief argument for its authenticity is that there had been nothing drawn and published up to that time which could have conduced, without other aid, to so accurate an outline of Greenland as it gives. In an age when drafts of maps freely circulated over Europe, from cartographer to cartographer, in manuscript, it does not seem necessary that the search for prototypes or prototypic features should be confined to those which had been engraved. [Illustration: ZENO MAP. (_Reduced_.) The original measures 12 × 15½ inches. Fac-similes of the original size or reduced, or other reproductions, will be found in Nordenskjöld’s _Trois Cartes_, and in his _Studien_; Malte Brun’s _Annales des Voyages_; Lelewel’s _Moyen Age_ (ii. 169); _Carter-Brown Catalogue_ (i. 211); Kohl’s _Discovery of Maine_, 97; Ruge’s _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, p. 27; Bancroft’s _Central America_, i. 81; Gay’s _Pop. Hist. U. S_., i. 84; Howley’s _Ecclesiast. Hist. Newfoundland_, p. 45; Erizzo’s _Le Scoperte Artiche_ (Venice, 1855),—not to name others.] With these allowances the map does not seem to be very exceptional in any feature. It is connected with northwestern Europe in just the manner appertaining to several of the earlier maps. Its shape is no great improvement on the map of 1467, found at Warsaw. There was then no such constancy in the placing of mid-sea islands in maps, to interdict the random location of other islands at the cartographer’s will, without disturbing what at that day would have been deemed geographical probabilities, and there was all the necessary warranty in existing maps for the most wilfully depicted archipelago. The early Portuguese charts, not to name others, gave sufficient warrant for land where Estotiland and Drogeo appear. [Illustration: THE PTOLEMY ALTERATION (1561, etc.) OF THE ZENO MAP.]