During the next twenty years or more, the varying knowledge of the Atlantic is shown in a number of maps, a few of which may be named:—The Catalan map “de Gabriell de Valsequa, faite à Mallorcha en 1439,” which shows the Azores, and which Vespucius is said to have owned (Santarem, pl. 54). The planisphere “in lingua latina dell’ anno 1447,” in the national library at Florence (Ongania, 1881). The world maps of Giovanni Leardo (Johannes Leardus), 1448 and 1452, the former of which is given in Santarem (pl. 25,—also _Hist. Cartog._ iii. 398), and the latter reproduced by Ongania, 1880. One is in the Ambrosian library, and the other in the Museo Civico at Vicenza (cf. _Studi_, etc., ii. 72, 73). In the Biblioteca Vittorio Emanuele at Rome there is the sea-chart of Bartolomaeus de Pareto of 1455, on which we find laid down the Fortunate Islands, St. Brandan’s, Antillia, and Royllo.[508] The World of Fra Mauro[509] has been referred to elsewhere in the present volume. [Illustration: LAON GLOBE. From a “projection Synoptique Cordiforme” in the _Bull. de la Soc. de Géog._, 4e série, xx. (1860), in connection with a paper by D’Avezac (p. 398). Cf. Oscar Peschel in _Ausland_ May 12, 1861; also in his _Abhandlungen_, i. 226.] We come now to the conditions of the Atlantic cartography immediately preceding the voyage of Columbus. The most prominent specimens of this period are the various marine charts of Grogioso and Andreas Benincasa from 1461 to 1490. Some of these are given by Santarem, Lelewel, and St. Martin; but the best enumeration of them is given in the _Studi biog. e bibliog. della Soc. Geog. Ital._ ii. 66, 77-84, 92, 99, 100. Of Toscanelli’s map of 1474, which influenced Columbus, we have no sketch, though some attempts have been made to reconstruct it from descriptions. (Cf. Vol. II. p. 103; Harrisse’s _Christophe Colomb._, i. 127, 129.) Brief mention may also be made of the Laon globe of 1486 (dated 1493), of which D’Avezac gives a projection in the _Bulletin de la Soc. de Géog._ xx. 417; of the Majorcan (Catalan) Carta nautica of about 1487 (cf. _Studi_, etc., ii. no. 397; _Bull. Soc. Géog._, i. 295); of the chart in the Egerton MSS., Brit. Mus., made by Christofalo Soligo about the same time, and which has no dearth of islands (cf. _Studi_, etc., i. 89); of those of Nicola Fiorin, Canepa, and Giacomo Bertran (_Studi_, etc., ii. 82, 86, and no. 398). The globe of Behaim (1492) gives the very latest of these ante-Columbian views (see Vol. II. 105). [Illustration: _A Fac-simile from_ BORDONE, 1547.] [Illustration: END OF FIFTEENTH CENTURY. (Santarem’s _Atlas_.)]