Of an earlier discovery in 1872 there is an account in _The ancient vessel found in the parish of Tune, Norway_ (Christiania, 1872). This is a translation by Mr. Gerhard Gadé of a Report in the Proceedings of the Society for preserving Norwegian Antiquities. (Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiii. p. 10.) This vessel was also buried under a mound, and she was 43½ feet long and four feet deep. There is in the Nicholaysen volume a detailed account of the naval architecture of the Viking period, and other references may be made to Otto Jorell’s _Les navires des peuples du Nord_, in the _Congrès internat. des sciences géog., compte rendu, 1875_ (1878, i. 318); _Mémoires de la Soc. royal des Antiquaires du Nord_ (1887, p. 280); Preble, in _United Service_ (May, 1883, p. 463), and in his _Amer. Flag_, p. 159; De Costa’s _Pre-Columbian Discovery of America_, p. xxxvii; Fox’s _Landfall of Columbus_, p. 3; _Pop. Science Monthly_, xix. 80; _Van Nostrand’s Eclectic Engineering Mag._, xxiii. 320; _Good Words_, xxii. 759; Higginson’s _Larger History U. S._ for cuts; and J. J. A. Worsaae’s _Prehistory of the North_ (Eng. transl., London,1886) for the burial in ships. There is a paper on the daring of the Norsemen as navigators by G. Brynjalfson (_Compte Rendu, Congrès des Américanistes_, Copenhagen, p. 140), entitled “Jusqu’où les anciens Scandinaves ont-ils pénétré vers le pôle arctique dans leurs expéditions à la mer glaciale?” It was in A.D. 875 that Ingolf, a jarl[517] of Norway, came to Iceland with Norse settlers. They built their habitation at first where a pleasant headland seemed attractive, the present Ingolfshofdi, and later founded Reikjavik, where the signs had directed them; for certain carved posts, which they had thrown overboard as they approached the island, were found to have drifted to that spot. The Christian Irish preferred to leave their asylum rather than consort with the new-comers, and so the island was left to be occupied by successive immigrations of the Norse, which their king could not prevent. In the end, and within half a century, a hardy little republic—as for a while it was—of near seventy thousand inhabitants was established almost under the arctic circle. The very next year (A.D. 876) after Ingolf had come to Iceland, a sea-rover, Gunnbiorn, driven in his ship westerly, sighted a strange land, and the report that he made was not forgotten.[518] Fifty years later, more or less, for we must treat the dates of the Icelandic sagas with some reservation, we learn that a wind-tossed vessel was thrown upon a coast far away, which was called Ireland the Great. Then again we read of a young Norwegian, Eric the Red, not apparently averse to a brawl, who killed his man in Norway and fled to Iceland, where he kept his dubious character; and again outraging the laws, he was sent into temporary banishment,—this time in a ship which he fitted out for discovery; and so he sailed away in the direction of Gunnbiorn’s land, and found it.