THE enumeration of the cartographical sources respecting the discoveries of the earlier voyagers began with the list, “Catalogus auctorum tabularum geographicarum, quotquot ad nostram cognitionem hactenus pervenere; quibus addidimus, ubi locorum, quando et a quibus excusi sunt,” which Ortelius in 1570 added to his _Theatrum orbis terrarum_, many of whose titles belong to works not now known. Of maps now existing the best-known enumerations are those in the _Jean et Sébastian Cabot_ of Harrisse; the _Mapoteca Colombiana_ of Uricoechea; the _Cartografia Mexicana_ of Orozco y Berra, published by the Mexican Geographical Society; and Gustavo Uzielli’s _Elenco descritto degli Atlanti, planisferi e carte nautiche_, originally published in 1875, but made the second volume, edited by Pietro Amat, of the new edition of the _Studi biografici e bibliografici della Società Geografica Italiana_, Rome, 1882, under the specific title of _Mappamondi, carte nautiche, portolani ed altri monumenti cartografici specialmente Italiani dei secoli XIII-XVII_.[364] * * * * * The Editor has printed in the _Harvard University Bulletin_ a bibliography Of Ptolemy’s geography, and a calendar, with additions and annotations, of the Kohl collection of early maps, belonging to the Department of State at Washington, both of which contributions called for enumerations of printed and manuscript maps of the early period, and included their reproductions of later years. The development of cartography is also necessarily made a part of histories of geography like those of Santarem, Lelewel, St.-Martin, and Peschel; but their use of maps hardly made chronological lists of them a necessary part of their works. Santarem has pointed out how scantily modern writers have treated of the cartography of the Middle Ages previous to the era of Spanish discovery; and he enumerates such maps as had been described before the appearance of his work, as well as publications of the earlier ones after the Spanish discovery.[365] To what extent Columbus had studied the older maps from the time when they began to receive a certain definiteness in the fourteenth century, is not wholly clear, nor how much he knew of the charts of Marino Sanuto, of Pizignani, and of the now famous Catalan map of that period; but it is doubtless true that the maps of Bianco (1436) and Mauro (1460) were well known to him.[366] “Though these early maps and charts of the fifteenth century,” says Hallam,[367] “are to us but a chaos of error and confusion, it was on them that the patient eye of Columbus had rested through long hours of meditation, while strenuous hope and unsubdued doubt were struggling in his soul.” [Illustration: EARLY COMPASS. This follows the engraving in Pigafetta’s _Voyage_ and in the work of Jurien de la Gravière. The main points were designated by the usual names of the winds, _Levante_, east; _Sirocco_, southeast, etc.]