If we consider further that, according to the second fundamental principle, the free energy accessible to us can only decrease, but not increase, while the number of men whose existence depends directly on the consumption of a due amount of free energy is constantly on the increase, then we at once see the objective necessity of the development of civilization in that sense. His foresight puts man in a position to act culturally. But if we examine our present social order from this point of view, we realize with horror how barbarous it still is. Not only do murder and war destroy cultural values without substituting others in their place, not only do the countless conflicts which take place between the different nations and political organizations act anticulturally, but so do also the conflicts between the various social classes of one nation, for they destroy quantities of free energy which are thus withdrawn from the total of real cultural values. At present mankind is in a state of development in which progress depends much less upon the leadership of a few distinguished individuals than upon the collective labor of all workers. Proof of this is that it is coming to be more and more the fact that the great scientific discoveries are made simultaneously by a number of independent investigators--an indication that society creates in several places the individual conditions requisite for such discoveries. Thus we are living at a time when men are gradually approximating one another very closely in their natures, and when the social organization therefore demands and strives for as thorough an equalization as possible in the conditions of existence of all men. INDEX Above and below, distinction between, 121 Abstract, concrete and, 16 ff. Abstraction, 20 Action, conscious, 174; instinctive, 174 Adaptation, 172 ff. Aeromechanics, 147 Algebra, 80 Alikeness, definition of, 51 ff. Allotropic changes, 161 Analysis, infinitesimal, 111 Analytic geometry, 122 ff. Analytic judgments, 66 Anthropology, 57 Ants, specialization of, 181 Applied sciences, 57 ff. _A priori_ judgments, 44 Aristotle, 38, 66 Aristotle's logic, 22 Arithmetic, 79 ff. Assertions, never absolutely correct, 53 Association, 63 ff., 81 Astronomic objective, 6 Astronomy as an applied science, 58 Atomic hypothesis in chemistry, 142 Atoms, 141 Bees, specialization of, 181 Biological sciences, 55; life most general concept in, 56 Botany, 56 Cæsar, Julius, 76 Capillary phenomena, 146 Capillary theory, 147 Carbon, its circulation through plants and animals, 171; life based on the energy of, 168 Carbonic acid, 171 Carnot, Sadi, 151 Causal relation, purification of, 34 ff. Causation, the law of, 31 ff. Chemical combinations, 71 ff.; quantitative relations in, 74 Chemical energy, 159 ff.; capable of powerful concentration, 161; different forms of, 159