The first type of rifled ordnance regularly introduced into the Austrian naval service was the old-type Armstrong muzzle-loader. In addition there are still found a few guns of present obsolete types which never passed the experimental stage. Within the past five years (1876) the Krupp breech-loader has been adopted as the standard pattern, and all guns of a higher calibre than 15-cm. are now of this type, although many complete Armstrong batteries are now found on board ship in the wooden fleet. The boat-guns are of the Krupp type breech-loaders, but are all manufactured of bronze, or what is generally known as Uchatius metal from its method of manufacture. _The Uchatius Construction._ The peculiarity of the Uchatius construction is the method of manipulating the bronze of which the gun is made, by which the metal is given all the advantageous qualities of steel. The body of the gun is cast in a chill mould, by which the cooling is so rapid that the mechanical mixture of tin and copper has no opportunity of separating and forming tin spots as is the case with ordinary bronze castings. After boring the gun, a succession of steel mandrels is driven through the bore, putting the whole casing in a condition of extreme tension on the exterior and compression on the interior, so that the different strata of metal are in proper condition for resisting tangential strains. ARGENTINE ORDNANCE. In the Argentine navy the heavy calibres (used on gun-boats of the Andes class) are Armstrong muzzle-loaders of the modified pattern (see page 195), the medium calibres are divided between old-type Armstrong muzzle-loaders and Krupp breech-loaders. The machine-guns used are Gatlings (see page 308). There is no regular gun factory in the country, the armament being entirely purchased abroad. BRAZILIAN ORDNANCE. The standard ordnance adopted in the Brazilian navy is the Whitworth (see page 218), both muzzle and breech-loaders. Machine-guns are of the Gatling type (see page 308). CHILIAN ORDNANCE. There is no standard ordnance in the Chilian navy, although the iron-clads are provided with Krupp guns, whilst the wooden fleet is armed with Armstrong muzzle-loaders. It is probable that the Krupp breech-loader will gradually supersede other types. The machine-guns are of the Gatling type. CHINESE ORDNANCE. The greater part of the rifled ordnance used in China is of the Armstrong muzzle-loading pattern. Some of their wooden vessels carry batteries of Krupp guns, and others Vavasseurs (see page 219). The Gatling machine-gun has been introduced into this service. DANISH ORDNANCE. There are three separate patterns of rifled ordnance found in the Danish navy. The favorite appears to be the Krupp breech-loader, whilst there are many guns of the Finspong pattern (see page 276, “Swedish Ordnance”). The Armstrong muzzle-loader has apparently the numerical superiority. ENGLISH ORDNANCE.