_Berdan._ The breech-block of this system is pivoted at the upper forward end, and is opened by drawing back the locking-bolt to its full extent and then throwing the breech-block up. In drawing the bolt back the firing-pin is cocked, as in the Mauser pattern, and throwing the breech-block up operates the extractor. [Illustration: Berdan.] _Remington._ The breech-block of this system is pivoted at its lower extremity, and is held fast by a hammer-block. Cocking the latter, the breech-block may be thrown back, working the extractor. [Illustration: Remington.] _Hotchkiss Magazine._ The breech-block of this system is on the principle of the Chassepot, being turned by a thumb-piece to unlock it and then retracted, the operation of retracting, cocking the firing-pin, withdrawing and ejecting the old cartridge-case, and opening the magazine, from whence a fresh cartridge is pushed in front of the block by a spiral spring. The magazine runs along the axis of the butt-stock, and is provided with a feed-stop by which the supply may at any time be shut off. [Illustration: Hotchkiss Magazine.] RECAPITULATION OF NAVAL ORDNANCE. NATION.| TYPE OF ORDNANCE. | CALIBRES. --------+-----------------------------------+----------------- | | Inches. | Krupp steel breech-loaders | 11, 10¼, 9¼, 8¼, 5⅞ | Armstrong muzzle-loaders | 9, 7 | Austrian bronze breech-loaders | 3½, 2½ Austria | Werndl (small-arms) | 0.42 | Hotchkiss revolving cannon | 1½ | Gatling machine-guns | ½ --------+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------------- | Whitworth muzzle-loaders | 10¼, 9½, 7, 6, 4½ Brazil | Brazilian cast-iron smooth-bores | 8, 6 | Gatling machine-guns | ½ | Remington (small-arms) | 0.45 --------+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------------- | Krupp breech-loaders | 9¼, 8¼ Chili | Armstrong muzzle-loaders | 9, 4½ | Gatling machine-guns | ½ | Remington (small-arms) | 0.50 --------+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------------- | Armstrong muzzle-loaders | 12½, 12, 10, 7 China | Vavasseur muzzle-loaders | 12 | Gatling machine-guns | ½ | Peabody-Martini (small-arms) | .45 --------+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------------- | Krupp breech-loaders | 12, 10¼, 6½ | Armstrong muzzle-loaders | 10¼, 9, 7¾ Denmark | Nordenfeldt machine-guns | 1¾ | Palmcrantz machine-guns | ½ | Beaumont-Remington (small-arms) | 0.45