Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus SmiliscaDuellman, William Edward
Science
Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus Smilisca
Duellman, William Edward
Amphibians -- Central America; Frogs; Smilisca
=====================+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+====
Bone |Stage|Stage|12.6 |13.9 |32.0 |27.0 |20.1
| 40 | 44 | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm. | mm.
---------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
Frontoparietal | X | X | X | X | X | X | X
Parasphenoid | X | X | X | X | X | X | X
Septomaxillaries | X | X | X | X | X | X | X
Exoccipitals | X | X | X | X | X | X | X
Squamosals | -- | X | X | X | X | X | X
Premaxillaries | -- | X | X | X | X | X | X
Maxillaries | -- | X | X | X | X | X | X
Nasals | -- | -- | X | X | X | X | X
Pterygoids | -- | -- | X | X | X | X | X
Vomers | -- | -- | -- | X | X | X | X
Palatines | -- | -- | -- | X | X | X | X
Quadratojugals | -- | -- | -- | X | X | X | X
Ethmoid | -- | -- | -- | -- | X | X | X
Columellas | -- | -- | -- | -- | X | X | X
Supraorbital Flanges | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | X | X
Prooetics | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | X
Vomerine Teeth | -- | -- | 1/1 | 4/3 | 5/5 | 3/3 | 5/4
Maxillary Teeth | -- | 0/7 | 3/5 | 6/5 |30/31|30/26|37/36
Premaxillary Teeth | -- | 2/4 | 3/3 | 5/5 | 7/6 | 8/6 | 8/7
---------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
The dentigerous bones are among the most rapidly developed, although not
the first to appear. They are present in developmental stage 44 before
metamorphosis is completed. The maxillaries bear a few teeth anteriorly
and are ossified posteriorly to a point one-third of the distance from
the anterior to the posterior edge of the orbit. Ossification lengthens
the posterior termini of the maxillaries to the posterior edge of the
orbit. In front of the anterior margin of the orbit, bone is
proliferated dorsal to the main axes of the maxillaries and forms
moderate dorsal maxillary flanges. The premaxillaries appear
simultaneously with the maxillaries. Initially they are widely separated
medially from each other, and laterally from the developing maxillaries;
each bears two or three teeth, large dorsally blunt alary processes, and
small palatine processes. The median and lateral edges of the prenasal
processes lengthen heterochronously, causing the median edges to be
longest and to lie slightly dorsal to the level of the septomaxillaries.
After the maxillaries and premaxillaries develop, the vomers appear as
small horizontal ossifications anterior to the parasphenoid.
Ossification begins in the lateral flanges, then in the prevomerine
processes, and lastly in the posterior dentigerous parts of the bones;
the prevomerine processes are the last parts of the vomers to ossify
completely.
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