Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus SmiliscaDuellman, William Edward
Science
Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus Smilisca
Duellman, William Edward
Amphibians -- Central America; Frogs; Smilisca
Initially the frontoparietals are present as thin rods of ossification
dorsomedial to the orbits; the frontoparietals extend from the anterior
to the posterior end of the orbit by developmental stage 44. The
anterior ends of the bones remain thin and pointed; ossification
progresses medially from the midpoint of the length of the orbit and
posteriorly to the level of the exoccipital; a median center of
ossification joins the frontoparietals posteriorly, thereby forming the
posterior border of the frontoparietal fontanelle. The supraorbital
flanges of the frontoparietals do not appear until all other cranial
bones are ossified, or nearly so. The most rapid ossification begins
laterally at the posterior edge of the orbit and decreases anteriorly
over the posterior half of the orbit. This differential rate of
proliferation of bone results in the pattern of development of the
supraorbital flanges shown in figure 7. The nasals appear as
thin slivers of bone half way between the anterior ends of the
frontoparietals and the end of the snout. As ossification proceeds the
nasals assume a triangular shape in dorsal view. The anterior ends are
pointed; the lateral margins are parallel to the maxillaries. The
posteromedial points do not reach the lateral margins of the ethmoid,
and the maxillary processes extend about three-fourths the distance from
the bodies of the nasals to the maxillaries. Following the union of the
frontoparietals posteriorly, the nasals widen anteriorly and are
narrower at the midpoints of their long axes than anteriorly or
posteriorly. With further ossification the maxillary processes extend to
the maxillaries and form complete bony anterior margins to the orbits;
the mid-parts of the nasals widen (Pl. 1B).
[Illustration: FIG. 7. Developmental sequence of the frontoparietal
fontanelle and associated bony elements in _Smilisca baudird_:
(A) KU 60026, x5; (B) KU 85438, x4; (C) KU 26328, x3;
(D) KU 68184, x2.3.]
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