44–57, 199 _et seq._ Independent impulses were largely responsible for the following events which mark the definite emergence of Unitarianism in America: the organization of the first New England Unitarian congregation at Gloucester, Mass., in 1779; the publication in this country, five years later, of the London edition of Dr. Charles Chauncy’s _Salvation for All Men_; and the defection from Trinitarian standards of King’s Chapel, Boston, in 1785–87. Still it must be maintained that the controversies which raged around the doctrines of the New Calvinism beyond all other factors stiffened the inclinations and tendencies of the century toward liberal thinking. Such terms as “Arminianism”, “Pelagianism”, “Socinianism”, “Arianism”, _etc._, which occur with ever-increasing frequency from the fourth decade of the century on, are in themselves suggestive of the divergencies in religious opinion which the doctrinal discussion incident to the Great Awakening provoked. _Cf._ Fiske, _A Century of Science and Other Essays_: “The Origins of Liberal Thought in America”, pp. 148 _et seq._ [159] As a typical illustration the comment of Lyman Beecher may be cited: “The Deistic controversy was an existing thing, and the battle was hot, the crisis exciting.” (_Autobiography, Correspondence, etc._ vol. i, p. 52.) The date is about 1798. In the same connection President Dwight of Yale is referred to as “the great stirrer-up of that [_i. e._, the deistic] controversy on this side the Atlantic.” (_Ibid._) It is certain that Dwight had some acquaintance with the works of the leading English deists, and that he opposed their views. _Cf._ _Travels in New England and New York_, vol. iv, p. 362; but his main target was infidelity of the French school. Beecher fails to distinguish between the two. [160] One discovers no convincing evidence that the deistical views of Benjamin Franklin produced any direct effect upon the thought of New England. As respects Thomas Jefferson the case was different. But New England Federalists were so successful in keeping public attention fixed on Jefferson’s fondness for French political and religious philosophy, that his alleged “French infidelity” rather than his opinions concerning natural religion became and continued to be the bone of contention. That he was regarded as a deist is, however, not to be questioned. Bentley, _Diary_, vol. iii, p. 20.