In an article on "The Northern Lights," in "Science for All," Vol.
II., reference is made to a well-known laboratory experiment in the
following words: "We take a glass cylinder, covered at the ends with
brass caps, one of which is fitted with a stop-cock, which we can
screw to the plate of an air-pump. To the brass caps we now attach
the terminals of a powerful induction coil, but as yet we perceive no
result. We now begin to exhaust the air from the cylinder, and as the
exhaustion goes on we soon see a soft tremulous light beginning to play
about the ends of the cylinder; and this, when the air is sufficiently
rarefied, gradually extends right through the cylinder. As we continue
the exhaustion these phenomena will be reversed, the light gradually
dying away as the exhaustion increases. We shall at once perceive how
very much this resembles an aurora on a small scale, and so we have
electricity suggested to us as the agent which produces the aurora."
Farther on in the same article we find that: "Aurora displays usually
take place at a great height--sometimes so high as 300 miles--while
their average height is over 100 miles. At such heights the air must
be extremely rarefied, and we should be disposed to expect that the
electric discharge could not take place through it."
Now, at the beginning of this experiment, it must be granted that light
was passing freely through the glass cylinder from side to side, and
also that, when the electric current was turned on, the electricity
was passing freely through the air in the cylinder though it was not
visible. It could not pass through the glass on account of its being
a non-conductor. Then, when the air had been partially exhausted from
the cylinder, and the "soft tremulous light" began to appear about its
ends, it is clear that some interference with, or change in, the free
passage of light through it must have been produced, both transversely
and longitudinally, which occasioned the difference in the appearance
of the light and caused its tremulous motion. And as change in the
appearance of the light extended through the length of the cylinder
as the exhaustion increased, and finally died away--light, change and
all--when it approached more nearly that of an absolute vacuum, we
cannot help concluding that the light disappeared because there was no
medium left in the cylinder, of sufficient density at least, through
which it could pass; which, of course, means that light cannot pass
through a vacuum any more than electricity can.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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