When steadily looked into we find the notion that all fluid bodies
are hollow to be much more common than is perhaps generally believed.
Beginning with the smallest, we find what follows in the Rev. Dr.
Samuel Kinn's work, entitled "Moses and Geology," Edition 1889, page
86: "A mist, whether in the form of a cloud or fog, is composed of
small bodies of water obeying the laws of universal gravitation by
forming themselves into spherules, which Halley and other eminent
philosophers thought to be hollow. As water is heavier than air,
scientists were for a long time seeking for a good reason to account
for clouds floating. It may be that Kratzenstein has somewhat solved
the problem. He was examining in the sunshine some of the vesicles of
steam through a magnifying glass when he observed upon their surface
coloured rings like those of soap-bubbles, and some of the rays of
light were reflected by the outside surface, others penetrated through
and were reflected by the inner surface; he concluded, therefore, that
the envelope of the sphere must be excessively thin to admit of this
taking place. We may, therefore, suppose that these vesicles are filled
in some way with rarefied air, and are so many little balloons whose
height in the atmosphere varies in proportion to the density of the
air they contain. How this enclosed air should become rarefied on the
formation of the tiny globule is a problem still to be solved."
Dr. Kinn says nothing of _how_ the spherules of cloud or fog were
formed by the laws of universal gravitation, nor _why_ Halley and the
other eminent philosophers thought them to be hollow, and only states
the fact that Kratzenstein found the vesicles of steam to be hollow;
and only one cause can be assigned for such being the case, namely, the
manner in which we have shown how hollow spheres can alone be formed.
That the vesicles of steam examined in the sunshine were hollow it
would seem there can be no doubt; and if so, there can be as little
that Halley and the others were right in thinking the spherules of
clouds to be hollow. The steam vesicles could not come into existence
at once in the air, in form large enough to be examined through a
magnifying glass, but must have been built up out of a multitude of the
very smallest atoms of water turned into vapour; and would follow the
same law as the atoms of cosmic matter and so form the little balloons.
In their formation the hollow space would be filled with air, which
would expand when heated and contract when cooled, and so regulate
their height in the atmosphere. And thus the problem of the last
sentence of the quotation is solved.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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