It will be remembered that when we were "getting up" the original
nebula in the domains of the sun, whose form we described as well as
our limited means would admit of, we said that when the cosmic matter
contained in them began to contract, not only the parts contained in
the peaks and promontories would soon be left behind, and come in at
a slower rate, but also large masses of the outer part of the main
body, especially of what was on the sides opposite to the deep hollows
made in the domains by the most powerful of the sun's neighbours, in
the form of fragments, crescents, and parts of hollow segments. Let
us now, then, suppose the operation of planet-making to have advanced
so far that the whole nebula was rotating on its axis, and abandoning
matter through centrifugal force, from its equatorial regions in a
continuous sheet, as we have said several times that it must have
done, and that the matter destined for Neptune and Uranus has not only
been abandoned, but divided into two distinct rings--a supposition
made in this case only for facility of description. Then some of the
matter which had been left behind, but still being gradually drawn in,
would be almost totally intercepted in the equatorial regions of the
nebula by these two rings, and would fall in greater quantity upon
their outer edges than anywhere else, more especially in the case of
the outer one. These adventitious additions would come in without
any angular, or tangential, movement whatever, because rotary motion
was not yet established in them, and would retard the revolutionary
movement of the rings--in decreasing degree from their outer to their
inner edges--while acquiring angular motion themselves; and would also
intensify the original difference in revolutionary motion already
existing at these edges. At the same time these additions of extraneous
matter would seriously impede the contraction of the rings in the
radial direction on account of their volume, but would have little
or no effect on contraction in the circumferential direction; the
consequence of which would be that they would break up before friction,
and the mutual collisions of their particles, had time to produce a
uniform revolving motion throughout their whole breadth; that is, while
their inner edges would be still revolving with more rapid velocities
than the outer ones; and the rotary motions of the planets derived from
them would be retrograde, according to M. Faye's demonstration--or
that of any other who has taken the trouble to think over the matter.
And we may add that this mode of reasoning, applied with a little more
detail, will very fully account for the rotation of Neptune being
more decidedly retrograde than that of Uranus, because the quantity
of matter so deposited on the outer flat ring in this process would
unquestionably be greater than on the inner one, and consequently the
difference of velocity between the outer and inner edges of the two
rings also greatest on the outer one.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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