contained all the elements of one: they increased in the city and the environs at such a rate, especially owing to the union with Latium in the reign of Servius Tullius, that they far outnumbered the old population, and formed the chief strength of Rome, and were employed to a great extent in the wars. And the more they grew, the more did the Tribes, which only intermarried among themselves, die off. Thus arose the Roman _Plebes_,--the Greek δῆμος, in German _Gemeinde_. The _demos_ comprehended all those who had the inferior citizenship, and who therefore owed service to the state, but had no rights but that of personal freedom. Thus the δῆμος stands in contraposition to the πολῖται, the _plebes_ to the _populus_, the _Gemeinde_ to the _Bürgerschaft_, the _commune_ to the _cittadine_.[70] I also think that πόλις was not originally the term for city (which was called ἄστυ), but just like _populus_, a Tyrrhenian word; and that both of these bear the same meaning which we have stated above, _Populus_ having been formed by reduplication from πόλις. The commonalty is in all states the main part as far as numbers are concerned; yet the way in which it developed itself was different in the ancient world from what it was in the middle ages. In the middle ages, the commonalty resided within the walls: it often settled, as for instance in Geneva, round the _cité_, the heart of the town, in the _bourg_, _borgo_, the suburbs; and its members were therefore called _bourgeois_. These suburbs were then likewise fortified, and in the course of time gained equal rights with the cities. In Germany the same thing happened, the name only being different, for _Bürger_ and _Geschlechter_ have the same meaning; and there the cities sprang up, particularly after the tenth century, when the age had become more settled. And in Gaul, where a _civitas_ and a royal villa still existed from the times of the Romans, a place often grew up near the villa, which remained under the protection of the king, and under the management of the mayors of the Palace. This is the original meaning of the word _ville_, as opposed to _cité_. There is therefore a distinction in French towns between _la cité_, _la ville_, and _le bourg_. Wherever the commonalty was growing up within the walls, it was formed of quite different elements. In the Germanic states, aliens were better treated on the whole than they were in the ancient world, or even in France. The _Beisassen_ of the small Swiss cantons, as for instance of Uri, are, properly speaking, nothing else but subjugated communities; the inhabitants of St. Gervais were subjects of Geneva. In France, by the _droit d’aubaine_, the liege lord was heir to the aliens who were not naturalized; for they were not allowed to make a will. In all those medieval towns where trade and commerce were paramount, the commonalty soon divided itself into guilds, which got their own heads and wardens,