he followed Sylla’s unfortunate precedent, and founded a number of colonies for them throughout Italy: the old soldiers of Sylla, or their children, were many of them driven out, thus reaping the reward of their own cruelty, or that of their fathers, to the inhabitants of the _municipia_. In Southern Gaul, Corinth, and Carthage, he likewise established colonies again. Corinth, however, was a _colonia libertinorum_, a thing which it is not easy to account for: everything in the place remained a medley, and it has never risen since to any real prosperity. He also wanted to cut through the isthmus, a plan which I cannot quite understand; owing to the state in which hydraulic architecture was then. The work might indeed have been executed by means of a succession of locks. That these, however, were employed in great canal works among the ancients, we have no proof; yet they were known to them. They were brought to their present perfection, as late as in the fifteenth century, by the Netherlanders. With regard to the state, he enacted several measures; among others, that of restoring the _jus honorum_ to the children of those whom Sylla had proscribed. He had received from the senate the dictatorship for life, the consulship for ten years, and the right of filling up at once half the offices which the centuries had to give, and recommending for the other half those whom he wished to be nominated; so that henceforth the election was a mere sham. The tribes still had their elections free. Moreover, he made several laws for the relief of debtors, and such like purposes. He raised the number of the prætors to ten, and afterwards to sixteen; that of the quæstors to forty, which was now more than was wanted for filling up the vacancies of the senate: this he had also enlarged, though how much is uncertain.[14] He gave the citizenship to whom he pleased, and he chose into the senate whom he pleased; so that he filled it with his partisans, which caused much dissatisfaction. Yet it is a striking fact, that at the time of his death, the majority of the senate did not consist of Cæsarians. It is moreover very remarkable, that in all his measures there is no trace to be found of his ever having wanted to modify the constitution, and to put an end to anarchy; for all his changes are in reality but trifling. Sylla meant to do this: it is true that he did not attain his end, and the way in which he set about it was most stupid; but he at least felt the need of it. Cæsar seems not even to have thought upon a remedy for the evil: for his increasing by a special edict the number of the patricians, and his adding new patrician families to the old ones, is a case which has no connexion whatever with the constitution. He did not admit a whole _gens_ into the patrician order, but individuals only and their children; just as one is ennobled in our days. This had no other object than to provide for the filling up of the priestly offices: the new