"Inasmuch as in all ages," says Nietzsche, "as long as mankind has existed, there have always been human herds (family alliances, communities, tribes, peoples, states, churches), and always a great number who obey in proportion to the small number who command--in view, therefore, of the fact that obedience has been most practised and fostered among mankind hitherto, one may reasonably suppose that, generally speaking, the need thereof is now innate in every one, as a kind of _formal conscience_ which gives the command: 'Thou shalt unconditionally do something, unconditionally refrain from something.' In short, 'Thou shalt.' This need tries to satisfy itself and to fill its form with a content; according to its strength, impatience and eagerness, it thereby seizes, as an omnivorous appetite, with little selection, and accepts whatever is shouted into its ear by all sorts of commanders--parents, teachers, laws, class prejudices, or public opinion."[27] Everywhere, then, "he who would command finds those who must obey"[28]-- this is obvious to the most superficial observer; because it is easier to obey than to command. "Wherever I found living things," says Zarathustra, "there heard I also the language of obedience. All living things are things that obey. "And this I heard secondly: whatever cannot obey itself, is commanded. Such is the nature of living things. "This, however, is the third thing I heard: to command is more difficult than to obey. And not only because the commander beareth the burden of all who obey, and because this burden easily crusheth him:-- "An effort and a risk seemed all commanding unto me; and whenever it commandeth, the living thing risketh itself. "Yea, even when it commandeth himself, then also must it atone for its commanding. Of its own law must it become the judge and avenger and victim."[29] For opinions are a matter of will; they are always, or ought to be always, travelling tickets implying a certain definite aim and destination, and the opinions we hold concerning Life must point to a certain object we see in Life;--hence there is just as great a market for opinions, and just as great a demand for fixed values to-day as there ever was, and the jealous love with which men will quote well-established views, or begin to believe when they hear that a view is well established--a fact which is at the root of all the fruits of modern popularity--shows what a need and what a craving there is for authority, for authoritative information, and for unimpeachable coiners of opinions. Now all the arts either determine values or lay stress upon certain values already established.[30] What, then, are the particular values that the graphic arts determine or accentuate? It must be clear that they determine what is beautiful, desirable, in fact, imperative, in form and colour.