North American Recent Soft-Shelled Turtles (Family Trionychidae)Webb, Robert G. (Robert Gravem)
Science
North American Recent Soft-Shelled Turtles (Family Trionychidae)
Webb, Robert G. (Robert Gravem)
Soft-shelled turtles
The meager data available concerning the aquatic movements of softshells
indicate that individuals wander but little. Breckenridge (1955:6,
table 1) found that among 30 recaptured turtles that had been marked,
the greatest distance traveled was 600 yards over a two-year interval;
after a three-month interval one originally captured 30 miles distant,
moved only 200 yards. The statement of a professional turtle trapper
mentioned by Breckenridge (_loc. cit._) and data previously presented
(see page 436), to the effect that over-trapping results in increasingly
diminished returns, tends to support the idea that there is little
aquatic movement in soft-shelled turtles.
Breckenridge (_loc. cit._) mentioned methods of marking softshells and
found that notching the edge of the carapace with a leather punch was
satisfactory; the notches healed but were discernible as shallow
sinuses. The same author mentioned a tattooing device (mentioned also by
Cagle, 1939:171), but no turtles so marked were ever recognized as
recovered. Tagging with a radioactive isotope and detection with
suitable instruments should prove applicable to turtles (see Karlstrom,
1957).
_Nocturnal Habits_
Anderson (1958:212) wrote that hatchlings (_muticus_) leave nests within
the first three hours after sunset, and are active on the surface of the
sand at night. Muller (1921:183) reported hatchlings (_muticus_) leaving
nests at night or early in the morning. Lagler (1954) stated that
_spinifer_ is nocturnal. To my knowledge there are no other published
statements concerning nocturnal activity of soft-shelled turtles. I have
noted them at night on only four different occasions. In two instances
(Clear Fork Brazos River, Texas, and Lake Concordia, Louisiana), the
turtles were resting immediately below the surface of the water on
submerged branches, as one would expect _Pseudemys_ and _Graptemys_ to
do. Another individual was seen swimming near the surface (Ocmulgee
River, 1-1/2 mi. S Jacksonville, Georgia); this observation possibly
represents nocturnal activity, or inquisitiveness owing to the
disturbances caused by the motor of the boat and/or our head lights. A
final observation tends to support the view of nocturnal habits. My
field notes record at least four softshells collected by hand, and a few
other seen in a shallow (approximately four feet deep), quiet, clear
water side channel of the White River (Cotter, Arkansas); the turtles
were seen resting and slowly moving on the bottom or swimming.
_Seasonal Occurrence_
The length of the season of activity increases with decrease in
latitude. Aquatic species in general have longer periods of activity
than terrestrial species at the same northern temperate latitudes. The
southernmost populations of all species of softshells may be active
throughout the year, assuming temperature to be the limiting factor.
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