North American Recent Soft-Shelled Turtles (Family Trionychidae)Webb, Robert G. (Robert Gravem)
Science
North American Recent Soft-Shelled Turtles (Family Trionychidae)
Webb, Robert G. (Robert Gravem)
Soft-shelled turtles
Eigenmann (1896:262) reported egg-laying of _spinifer_ in sand and
gravel in June and July at Turkey Lake (= Lake Wawasee), Indiana. A
turtle was seen digging a nest on June 26, and fresh nests of eggs
were found on June 27 and July 9. Hedrick and Holmes (1956:126) wrote
that a clutch of eggs of _spinifer_ in Minnesota was found about ten
inches deep in sand about one foot from the river; a steep gravel bank
was also cited as a favorite nesting site. Surface (1908:123) stated
that eggs of _spinifer_ in Pennsylvania are laid in May, and the young
hatch in August. Gehlbach and Collette (1959:142) found eggs of
_spinifer_ on June 19 on a sand bank 15 feet from the edge of the
Platte River in Nebraska. Breckenridge (1944:187) wrote that
_spinifer_ in Minnesota nests on sandy beaches from June 14 to July 6.
Cahn (1937:193) stated that deposition of eggs in Illinois occurs in
"June or early July: earlier in the southern part of the state, later
in the northern portion." Force (1930:38) mentioned a gravid female
from Oklahoma obtained on May 20. Evermann and Clark (1920:593) were
of the opinion that _spinifer_ began laying about mid-June and
continued until perhaps late July at Lake Maxinkuckee, Indiana; a
female opened on June 14 had oviducal eggs, and the first nest was
found on June 18. Nests were usually at the edge of an abrupt ascent
in sand; one nest was found in black, mucky soil (_op. cit._:595).
Newman (1906:128) wrote that _spinifer_ in the same lake nests later
than the other species of turtles, as a rule not earlier than the
middle of June (but as early as June 10, _op. cit._:132), and rarely
later than the middle of July; he observed deposition of eggs on June
22. Sites of deposition of eggs were mostly in soft sand not more than
six feet from water; other sites found by Newman (_op. cit._:132-33)
were a sandy, abandoned road bed separated from the shore by a strip
of tall grass, a rock pile (the eggs being dropped into crevices and
sand packed around them), among roots of a tree (the eggs being
deposited between the roots and under them in a very irregular
fashion), and in clay "so hard packed that one could scarcely break it
with the fingers." Natural nest sites in hard clay and a rock pile
seem incongruous with nesting habits of softshells. I note that
Newman's study was not begun until 1902 (_op. cit._:127), and it was
that year that the water level of the lake was high, flooding the
surrounding lowlands (Evermann and Clark, 1920:49-53). Perhaps some of
the nests found by Newman were old and not natural because of
conditions resulting from the receding water level.
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