North American Recent Soft-Shelled Turtles (Family Trionychidae)Webb, Robert G. (Robert Gravem)
Science
North American Recent Soft-Shelled Turtles (Family Trionychidae)
Webb, Robert G. (Robert Gravem)
Soft-shelled turtles
The data concerning _ferox_ (Table 8) suggest that the maximum size of
eggs is 31 to 32 millimeters, whereas oviducal eggs are slightly
smaller, about 25 to 27 millimeters. Eggs of _spinifer_ from northern
latitudes (most from approximately 40°, Table 8) also vary in size,
oviducal eggs being as small as 22 millimeters in diameter and the
maximal size about 29 millimeters. Average extreme measurements (in
mm.) of oviducal eggs (number of eggs in parentheses) from females
taken in latitudes of 33 degrees or less are: 25 × 29 (11), 29 × 30
(11), 28 × 30 (13), 28 × 30 (10), 29 × 30 (5), 29 × 29 (8), 25 × 26
(17), 29 × 30 (5), and 28 × 29 (8). The average size of these eggs is
slightly larger than the oviducal eggs of which measurements are given
in Table 8, and suggest larger eggs from more southern latitudes. Eggs
of _muticus_ are smaller than those of _spinifer_ (Cahn, 1937:183) or
_ferox_; the average size of eggs from nests found in Iowa and
Illinois is 22 to 23 millimeters (Table 8). Nine oviducal eggs from a
female obtained in Lake Texoma, Oklahoma, averaged 22 × 23
millimeters. The largest eggs of _muticus_ are from the southernmost
locality; eight eggs from a nest found along the Escambia River,
Florida, averaged 26 × 27 millimeters.
In general, the data suggest that at each laying slightly smaller eggs
but larger numbers are laid by females in northern latitudes, whereas
larger but fewer eggs are laid by females from farther south.
_Incubation and Hatching_
Length of the incubation period seems to depend upon conditions of
heat and moisture, and, in general, to be geared to the prevailing
climatic conditions. Goff and Goff (1935:156) artificially incubated
some eggs of _ferox_ at temperatures varying from 82.3 to 89.2° F.,
and found that the incubation period was 64 days. Muller (1921:184)
wrote that the period of incubation of eggs of _muticus_ (natural
nests at temperatures about 90°., _op. cit._:182, and artificial
nests) in Iowa is from 70 to 75 days. Breckenridge (1944:187) stated
that _spinifer_ makes nests in Minnesota from June 14 to July 6, and
cited reports that indicate hatching in September. Hedrick and Holmes
(1956:126) discovered a nest of eggs in Minnesota on September 5; the
eggs were artificially incubated and some hatched on October 29.
Eigenmann (1896:263) found eggs as late as September in northern
Indiana that "contained young which would have been ready to hatch
about a month later." Cahn (1937:193) wrote that _spinifer_ in
Illinois lays in June or early July and that "young-of-the-year are
taken in late August and September." Some recently deposited eggs of
_muticus_ (as indicated by fresh turtle tracks, Pl. 50, Fig. 2) that I
obtained on June 1 were artificially incubated and hatched on August
4, indicating an approximate incubation period of 65 days. Dr. Paul K.
Anderson in the course of field work on the Pearl River, Louisiana
(1958:211), found that eggs collected on June 13 from a nest excavated
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